Table Of ContentTHE SIMPLE PHYSICS OF ENERGY USE
The Simple Physics of Energy Use
Peter Rez
ArizonaStateUniversity,USA
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IdedicatethisworktothememoryofProfSirDavidMacKayFRSandmyformer
colleagueProfKenMossman.
DavidMacKay’swork“SustainableEnergyWithouttheHotAir”wasan
inspiration.Inawittyandamusingwayheusedsimplephysicsanalysistoshowwhat
theoptionswereforenergypolicyintheUnitedKingdom.Ihavegratefullyborrowed
fromhisapproachtovarioustopics.Maythisworkbeacontinuationinhisstruggle
against“twaddle”.
KenMossmanwasaradiationbiologist.Inourfrequentdiscussionsheshowedmethat
radiationwasapartofournaturalenvironment.Inradiationprotectionheadvocated
forsettinglimitsbasedonradiationthatwasalreadythere,notonarbitrarymodels
thatcouldneverbeexperimentallyverified.
“IfIhaveseenfurther,itisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants”attributedtoIsaac
Newton
FinallyIdedicatethisworktomychildrenAvi,VioletandCharliewhowillhaveto
dealwiththemessmygenerationandthoseprecedingithaveleft!
Acknowledgements
IamgratefultoRichardSilverman,formergeneralmanagerofSRP,andMegan
Grabel,formercounseltoAPS,forgivingmetheviewofseniormanagementat
thelocalelectricalutilitycompanies.
I particularly want to thank Robert Hess, senior engineer at SRP, for many
discussions,criticalreadingofthemanuscriptandcarefullycheckingcalculations
oftheefficiencyofgasturbinesandcombinedcyclegenerationsystems.
I’dliketothankDrAbrahamArbib,forsharinghisnotesonacoursethathe
hadgivenandhisperspectivefromtheperiodwhenhehasdeputychiefscientist
at the IsraeliEnergy ministry.There are interestingcomparisons between Israel
andPhoenixAZ,bothhaveapproximatelythesamepeakelectricitydemand,and
botharethePhysicistsidealofan“isolatedsystem”,albeitfordifferentreasons!
I’d like to thank Andy Waye, Rob Harvey and Pat McLeod for reading
and commenting on the manuscript, and Frank Setzler for providing useful
informationonaircraftengines.
IespeciallywanttothankProfMikeKelly,FRSforhissupportandencour-
agement.
I’d also like to acknowledge the lively discussions with the students in my
class “The Science of Sustainability” over the years. Learning and teaching are
inexorablymixed!
IammostgratefultoSonkeAdlungandAniaWronskiatOxfordUniversity
Pressfortakingonthisprojectandseeingittocompletion.
Finally I’d like to thank my wife Marilyn and my children Avi Violet and
CharliefortheirpatiencewhileIneglecteddomesticdutiestowritethisbook!
LookingbackoverpapersIhavewrittenIfinderrorsthatIdidnotnoticeat
thetime.It’sinevitablethattherearesomeinthiswork,Itakefullresponsibility
andwillcorrectanybroughttomyattentioninfutureeditions.
PeterRez
Scottsdale,AZ
Contents
Introduction 1
1 EnergyandSociety 3
1.1 Energyandpower 3
1.2 Energyusearoundtheworld 4
1.3 Summary 11
Bibliography 11
Part I Controlling the Indoor Environment
2 Buildings 15
2.1 Heatflowthroughmaterials 15
2.2 Smallbuildings 20
2.3 Largebuildings 22
2.4 Degreedays 24
2.5 Heatingandcoolingtheefficientway 26
2.6 Howdoairconditionersandheatpumpswork? 29
2.7 Refrigerators 36
2.8 Lighting 38
2.9 Summary 41
Bibliography 41
3 ElectricalPowerGeneration:FossilFuels 43
3.1 Electricgenerators 43
3.2 Theidealheatengine:TheCarnotcycle 45
3.3 Heatengines:TheRankinecycle 47
3.4 Heatengines:TheBraytoncycle 50
3.5 Combinedcycle 54
3.6 Summary 56
Bibliography 56
4 NuclearPowerGeneration 57
4.1 NuclearReactions 57
4.2 NuclearReactors 58
4.3 RadioactiveWaste 62
4.4 EnergyfromNaturalRadioactivity 66
4.5 NuclearFusion 69
