The significance of plate tectonics theory

149 Pages·2003·0.719 MB·English

by  OECD

CIVIL SOCIETY
AND
INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by
AMANDA BERNARD, HENNY HELMICH
and
PERCY B. LEHNING
North-South Centre
Council of Europe
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE STUDIES
Civil Society
and International
Development
Edited by
Amanda Bernard, Henny Helmich
and
Percy B. Lehning
NORTH-SOUTH CENTRE OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force
on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote
policies designed:
– to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in
Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the
world economy;
– to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of
economic development; and
– to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance
with international obligations.
The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently
through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969),
Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
(21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and Korea (12th Decem-
ber 1996). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the
OECD Convention).
The Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was established
by decision of the OECD Council on 23rd October 1962 and comprises twenty-three Member countries of the
OECD: Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden
and Switzerland, as well as Argentina and Brazil from March 1994. The Commission of the European Communi-
ties also takes part in the Centre’s Advisory Board.
The purpose of the Centre is to bring together the knowledge and experience available in Member countries
of both economic development and the formulation and execution of general economic policies; to adapt such
knowledge and experience to the actual needs of countries or regions in the process of development and to put
the results at the disposal of the countries by appropriate means.
The Centre has a special and autonomous position within the OECD which enables it to enjoy scientific
independence in the execution of its task. Nevertheless, the Centre can draw upon the experience and knowledge
available in the OECD in the development field.
Publie´ en franc¸ais sous le titre :
LA SOCIE´TE´ CIVILE ET LE DE´VELOPPEMENT INTERNATIONAL
THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
AUTHORS AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES.
*
* *
(cid:211) OECD 1998
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The North-South Centre of the Council of Europe
The European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity (the North-
South Centre) was set up in 1990 in Lisbon. The Centre has its roots in the European
Public Campaign on North-South Interdependence and Solidarity, launched by the
Council of Europe in 1988.
The aims of the Centre are to raise public awareness of issues of global
interdependence and solidarity and to advocate pluralist democracy and respect for
human rights as fundamental elements of sustainable development. In order to attain
its objectives, the Centre organises core projects and partnership projects, where it
plays the role of organiser and co-organiser respectively.
The Centre has recently expanded its activities in Central and Eastern Europe
in conformity with the all-European constituency of the Council of Europe.
The North-South Centre functions on the basis of a system of quadripartite co-
management by parliamentarians, governments, non-governmental organisations
and local and regional authorities.
3
Foreword
This study was carried out under the Development Centre’s External Co-
operation programme on "Government-NGO Relationships".
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the governments of Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands
for their generous support to the seminar. In particular, we wish to express our
gratitude to Giulio Fossi, Catherine Duport, Morag Soranna and Jody Kaylor of the
OECD Development Centre for their assistance in the planning and execution of the
meeting; Colm Foy and his colleagues in the Development Centre(cid:146)s publication unit
for their invaluable guidance in the preparation of this volume; Neil Beshers for his
excellent copy editing; and all those who contributed chapters to the volume, many
of whom had to find time within their busy schedules to write up and expand upon
their presentations to the meeting.
This book is dedicated to Elena Borghese of the OECD Development Co-
operation Directorate. Elena has worked for many years in the OECD, most recently
in the areas of NGOs, good governance and participatory development. This seminar
was the last of many meetings which benefited from her presence before she started
to enjoy a well-deserved retirement.
4
Table of Contents
Preface
Jean Bonvin and Miguel Angel Mart(cid:237)nez....................................................................... 7
P O
ART NE
I O
NTRODUCTORY VERVIEW
Introduction
Henny Helmich and Jos Lemmers................................................................................... 11
Report and Executive Summary
Ed van Thijn and Amanda Bernard................................................................................ 17
Conviviability: The Role of Civil Society in Development
Lourdes Arizpe................................................................................................................ 21
P T
ART WO
C Q
ONCEPTUAL UESTIONS
Towards a Multi-cultural Civil Society: The Role of Social Capital
and Democratic Citizenship
Percy B. Lehning............................................................................................................. 27
Shaping Civil Society
Axel Hadenius and Fredrik Uggla.................................................................................. 43
Civil Society and Global Governance:
Globalisation and the Transformation of Politics
Kees Breed........................................................................................................................ 57
P T
ART HREE
T R E A
HE OLEOF XTERNAL CTORS
Civil Society and Building Democracy:
Lessons from International Donor Experience
Harry Blair....................................................................................................................... 65
The NGO Sector and its Role in Strengthening Civil Society
and Securing Good Governance
Diana Mitlin..................................................................................................................... 81
5
P F
ART OUR
P D R
ERSPECTIVES FROM EVELOPING EGIONS
The Growing Civil Society in Asia: An Overview and Proposals for Future Action
Aye Aye Win................................................................................................................... 99
Civil Society in Sub-Saharan Africa: How Can Western Countries
Help Civil Society in Africa?
PatØnØma Fran(cid:231)ois Sedogo.............................................................................................. 111
Networking Civil Society in Latin America
M(cid:243)nica Allmand............................................................................................................... 121
Civil Society in the Euro-Mediterranean Arena
Fifi Benaboud................................................................................................................... 127
Considerations for Donors................................................................................................... 133
Annex 1 Civil Society and Development Co-operation.................................................. 135
Annex 2 Programme and List of Participants.................................................................... 143
6
Preface
Public and private development co-operation agencies considerably increased
their attention to participatory systems of government in the 1990s, and good
governance and participatory development are cornerstones of the DAC 21st(cid:160)Century
Strategy. Though the debate about the merits of the concept of civil society continues,
it has not delayed the start of practical initiatives to support an active civil society in
development co-operation programmes.
Active civil societies are central to the evolution of participatory and transparent
systems of government, which are essential for economic development. Civil society,
however, is not only another instrument for economic development. The participation
of citizens in the definition of their role in society and in the choices affecting the future
of their society is an important objective in itself.
The OECD Development Centre and the DAC Ad Hoc Working Group on
Participatory Development and Good Governance have analysed development co-
operation policies aimed at increasing popular participation and improving
governance. An important conclusion of their work was that external actors can
strengthen the strategic role of civil society.
The Council of Europe promotes respect for human rights, social justice and
democracy in an interdependent world. The Council created the North-South Centre
to raise public awareness of global interdependence and to support policy debates to
strengthen North-South solidarity. The Centre organises activities in support of civil
society partners in the South.
Both the Development Centre and the North-South Centre maintain contacts
with experts in research and operational organisations working on the issues of
governance and development. The two institutions therefore joined forces for an
informal expert seminar which included people who have reflected on the issue of
civil society, either from the perspective of political theory or from that of personal
experience, to discuss the progress made in defining civil society and the practical
policy implications of this concept. The OECD Development Co-operation Directorate
also participated in the meeting.
The expert seminar was the basis for this volume which extends our joint quest
to analyse the policy implications of economic globalisation and to find means of
strengthening a global interdependent civil society.
Miguel Angel Mart(cid:237)nez JeanBonvin
President President
North-South Centre OECD Development Centre
May 1998
7
8
P O
ART NE
I O
NTRODUCTORY VERVIEW
9