the short term effect of xbox kinect active videogame on physical activity levels and executive ...

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THE SHORT TERM EFFECT OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAME ON
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN
WITH AND WITHOUT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

by

Daphne Golden

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biomechanics
and Movement Science

Fall 2015

©2015 Daphne Golden
All Rights Reserved
ProQuest Number: 10014769
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THE SHORT TERM EFFECT OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAME
ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN
CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

by

Daphne Golden

Approved: ___________________________________________________________
Charles Buz Swanik, Ph.D., ATC, FNATA
Director of the Biomechanics and Movement Science Program

Approved: ___________________________________________________________
Kathleen S. Matt, Ph.D.
Dean of the College of Health Sciences

Approved: ___________________________________________________________
Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D.
Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets
the academic and professional standard required by the University as a
dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signed: ___________________________________________________________
Nancy Getchell, Ph.D.
Professor in charge of dissertation

I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets
the academic and professional standard required by the University as a
dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signed: ___________________________________________________________
Casey Breslin, Ph.D.
Member of dissertation committee

I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets
the academic and professional standard required by the University as a
dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signed: ___________________________________________________________
Christopher Modlesky, Ph.D.
Member of dissertation committee

I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets
the academic and professional standard required by the University as a
dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signed: ___________________________________________________________
Michelle Provost-Craig, Ph.D.
Member of dissertation committee
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets
the academic and professional standard required by the University as a
dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signed: ___________________________________________________________
Iva Obrusnikova Ph.D.
Member of dissertation committee
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all the people who took part in my
academic experience. My advisor, Dr. Nancy Getchell, was primary in guiding me
through the process. Additionally to my committee members Casey Breslin Ph.D.,
Christopher Modlesky Ph.D., Iva Obrusnikova Ph.D. and Michelle Provost-Craig
Ph.D. for their help. The direct support and assistance done by many people was
essential for completion of the research project. Lynn Liang helped me over the past 4
years with a range of computer training to direct hands on testing of subjects. A
special thanks to Danielle Brumbley who provided extensive direct support in testing.
The undergraduate students who assisted in preparation and testing of the children.
Assistance with recruitment of subjects was key to my success. Many helped in this
situation including: sisters, nieces and nephews. Teachers at the Clara Barton
Elementary school orchestrated a school wide of recruitment for participants and
assisted in set up. Those people who assisted in my weekly PA group. A thanks to
Bristol Township School District, Seaford School District, Lake Forest School
District, the Moose Club, Easter Seals and the University of Delaware Early
Childhood Center. And not forgotten my family and friends I could not have
completed without their support.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x

Chapter
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 4
Active Videogame (AVG) and Physical Activity .............................................. 5
Characteristics of AVGs ................................................................................... 12
AVG Use in Special Populations ..................................................................... 18
AVG, ASD and Executive Function (EF) ........................................................ 21
Factors of PA that Effect EF ............................................................................ 24
Summary ........................................................................................................... 29
3 THE PA LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ASD WHEN
PLAYING KINECT XBOX ACTIVE VIDEOGAMES ................................. 30
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 33
Results .............................................................................................................. 40
Discussion ......................................................................................................... 42
Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 44
Limitations ........................................................................................................ 45
Future Direction ................................................................................................ 45
4 THE EFFECTS OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAMING ON
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ASD:
A PILOT STUDY ............................................................................................. 46
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 49
Results .............................................................................................................. 60
Discussion ......................................................................................................... 64
Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 66
Limitations ........................................................................................................ 66
Future Direction ................................................................................................ 66
v i
5 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 68
Summary ........................................................................................................... 71
Limitations ........................................................................................................ 72
Future Direction ................................................................................................ 73
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 74

Appendix
A MABC-2 PICTURE BOARD .......................................................................... 85
B MABC-2 PICTURE ......................................................................................... 86
C ACTICAL ACCELEROMETER PLACED ON THE HIP .............................. 87
D BARRIERS ....................................................................................................... 88
E KINECT WEBCAM SET UP .......................................................................... 89
F AREA OF FEEDBACK TO WEBCAM .......................................................... 90
G RABBIDS GAME “CRAZY SALES” ............................................................. 91
H RABBIDS GAME “SAVE THE HOTDogs” ................................................... 92
I MEDICAL HISTORY DOCUMENT .............................................................. 93
J PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOCUMENT ........................................................... 95
K PARENTAL CONSENT .................................................................................. 97
L CHILD ASSENT ............................................................................................ 102
M RELEASE FORM .......................................................................................... 105
N IRB APPROVAL ........................................................................................... 107

vi i
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Recommended PA Levels in Children 6-17 year old ............................... 5
Table 2.2 Body Movement and PA and AVGs ....................................................... 14
Table 3.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants in the current study. ... 36
Table 3.2 Demographics: Average Height, Weight, Age and BMI ........................ 36
Table 4.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants in the current study. .... 51
Table 4.2 Demographics: Age, Height, Weight, and BMI of Groups ..................... 52
Table 4.3 Responses and Error Type during the Children’s Modified Flanker
Testing ..................................................................................................... 58
Table 4.4 Testing Sessions (Christ, 2011) ............................................................... 59
Table 4.5: Wilcoxon Ranked Test Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ....................................... 62

vi ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Percent Time in MVPA during Conditions ............................................. 41
Figure 3.2 Activity Counts during Each Condition .................................................. 42
Figure 4.1 Children’s Flanker Test ........................................................................... 57
Figure 4.2 Response Time for each Condition in ASD and TD ............................... 61
Figure 4.3 Accuracy of each condition for ASD and TD ......................................... 62
Figure 4.4 Percent time in each intensity levels throughout conditions in ASD ...... 63

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