The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America

413 Pages·2008·1.94 MB·English

by  James Bamford

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THE
SHADOW
FACTORY
ALSO BY JAMES BAMFORD
A Pretext for War
Body of Secrets
The Puzzle Palace
■ ■

THE
S H A D O W
FA C TO RY
■

The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11
to the Eavesdropping on America
JAMES BAMFORD
DOUBLEDAY
New York London Toronto
Sydney Auckland
■ ■
Copyright © 2008 by James Bamford
All Rights Reserved
Published in the United States by Doubleday, an imprint of The
Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.,
New York.
www.doubleday.com
DOUBLEDAY is a registered trademark and the DD colophon is a
trademark of Random House, Inc.
Book design by Michael Collica
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bamford, James.
The shadow factory : the ultra-secret NSA from 9/11 to the
eavesdropping on America / James Bamford.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. United States. National Security Agency—History.
2. Intelligence service—United States. 3. Electronic
surveillance—United States. 4. United States—Politics and
government—2001– I. Title.
UB256.U6B38 2008
327.1273—dc22
2008026448
eISBN: 978-0-385-52839 -9
v1.0
To Mary Ann
And to my father, Vincent
In memory of my mother, Katherine
And to Tom, Paula, and Christina
I’m very grateful for their
constant support and
encouragement.

Contents
Acknowledgments .......................... xi
Introduction ................................. 1
BOOK ONE: ATTACK
Sanaa ...................................... 7
Intercept ................................... 12
San Diego ................................. 22
Deaf ...................................... 27
Mesa ...................................... 39
Thinthread ................................. 44
Totowa .................................... 48
Chatter .................................... 55
Cambrils................................... 58
Warning ................................... 63
Fort Lee ................................... 70
vii
CONTENTS
Discovery .................................. 74
Laurel ..................................... 76
Surprise ................................... 82
Pentagon .................................. 89
BOOK TWO: TARGETS
Opportunity ................................ 99
Hunters................................... 105
FISA ..................................... 112
Mission................................... 119
Highlander ................................ 124
Assassination ............................. 135
War ...................................... 143
BOOK THREE: COOPERATION
Shamrock................................. 161
Qwest .................................... 169
Cables.................................... 175
Splitter ................................... 188
Industry .................................. 197
Transit ................................... 207
Partners .................................. 212
Wiretappers ............................... 234
viii