Table Of ContentThe Semitic Languages
36
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Handbücher zur
Sprach- und Kommunikations-
wissenschaft
Handbooks of Linguistics
and Communication Science
Manuels de linguistique et
des sciences de communication
Mitbegründet von Gerold Ungeheuer (†)
Mitherausgegeben 1985−2001 von Hugo Steger
Herausgegeben von / Edited by / Edit´es par
Herbert Ernst Wiegand
36
Band
De Gruyter Mouton
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The Semitic Languages
An International Handbook
Edited by
Stefan Weninger
In collaboration with
Geoffrey Khan
Michael P. Streck
Janet C. E. Watson
De Gruyter Mouton
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ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0
e-ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6
ISSN 1861-5090
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Semitic languages : an international handbook / edited by Stefan
Weninger ; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck,
JanetC.E.Watson.
p.cm.(cid:2)(Handbooksoflinguisticsandcommunicationscience;36)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-3-11-018613-0(hardcover:alk.paper)
1. Semitic languages (cid:2) History (cid:2) Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Semitic languages (cid:2) Grammar (cid:2) Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Weninger, Stefan. II. Khan, Geoffrey. III. Streck, Michael P.
IV.Watson,JanetC.E.
PJ3014.S46 2012
492(cid:2)dc23
2011042304
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
©2011WalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin/Boston
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Coverdesign:MartinZech,Bremen
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Foreword
Thisvolume,whichpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentstateofresearch
on the Semitic languages, has undergone a long period of preparation. Our heartfelt
thanks go first of all to the authors for their cooperation and patience. We are also
indebted to the editor of the series, Herbert Ernst Wiegand for accepting this volume
in the series Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Sciences, and to Barbara
Karlson of De Gruyter Mouton for her efficient and friendly manner in dealing with
issues concerning this volume. Special thanks go to Melonie Schmierer (Cambridge)
who did a wonderful job in editing the English. Finally, thanks are due to Michael
Waltisberg(Marburg)forhishelpinproofreadingandtothestudentassistentsMaren
Hadidi, Temesghen Tesfu and Christina Gansloser (Marburg) for their help in copy-
editing and indexing.
The editors
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Contents
1. Introduction · Stefan Weninger, Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, and
Janet C. E. Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Semitic in an Afroasiatic Context
2. Semitic-Egyptian Relations · Gábor Takács . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Semitic-Berber Relations · Vermondo Brugnatelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Semitic-Chadic Relations · H. Ekkehard Wolff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Semitic-Cushitic/Omotic Relations · David L. Appleyard . . . . . . . . . 38
II. ReconstructingProto-SemiticandModelsofClassification
6. Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology · Leonid Kogan . . . . . . . . . . 54
7. Reconstructive Morphology · Stefan Weninger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8. Proto-Semitic Lexicon · Leonid Kogan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9. Phyla and Waves: Models of Classification of the Semitic Languages ·
John Huehnergard and Aaron D. Rubin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
III. The Semitic Languages and Dialects I: Their Typology
10. Morphological Typology of Semitic · Orin D. Gensler . . . . . . . . . . . 279
11. Syntactic Typology of Semitic · Michael Waltisberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
IV. The Semitic Languages and Dialects II: East Semitic
12. Akkadian in General · Bert Kouwenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
13. Eblaite and Old Akkadian · Michael P. Streck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
14. Babylonian and Assyrian · Michael P. Streck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
15. Akkadian and Sumerian Language Contact · Gábor Zólyomi . . . . . . 396
16. Akkadian as a Diplomatic Language · Wilfred H. van Soldt . . . . . . . 405
17. Akkadian and Aramaic Language Contact · Michael P. Streck . . . . . . 416
V. The Semitic Languages and Dialects III:
North-West Semitic
18. Northwest Semitic in General · Holger Gzella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
19. Amorite · Michael P. Streck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
20. Ugaritic · Dennis Pardee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
21. Phoenician and Punic · Wolfgang Röllig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
22. Biblical Hebrew · Lutz Edzard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
23. Mishnaic Hebrew · Moshe Bar-Asher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
24. Modern Hebrew · Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
25. Hebrew as the Language of Judaism · Angel Sáenz-Badillos . . . . . . . 537
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viii Contents
26. The Re-Emergence of Hebrew as a National Language · Yael Reshef 546
27. Old Aramaic · Frederick Mario Fales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
28. Imperial Aramaic · Holger Gzella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
29. Imperial Aramaic as an Administrative Language of the Achaemenid
Period · Margaretha Folmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
30. Late Imperial Aramaic · Holger Gzella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
31. Jewish Palestinian Aramaic · Michael Sokoloff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
32. Samaritan Aramaic · Abraham Tal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
33. Christian Palestinian Aramaic · Matthew Morgenstern . . . . . . . . . . . 628
34. Syriac · John F. Healey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
35. Syriac as theLanguage of Eastern Christianity ·Françoise Briquel Cha-
tonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
36. Jewish Babylonian Aramaic · Michel Sokoloff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
37. Mandaic · Bogdan Burtea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
38. Western Neo-Aramaic · Werner Arnold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
39. Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô · Otto Jastrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
40. North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic · Geoffrey Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
41. Neo-Mandaic · Charles G. Häberl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
42. LanguageContactbetweenAramaicDialectsandIranian·OlgaKapeliuk 738
43. Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact · Stefan Weninger . . . . . . . . . . . 747
VI. The Semitic Languages and Dialects IV:
Languages of the Arabian Peninsula
44. Ancient North Arabian · Hani Hayajneh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
45. Classical Arabic · Jan Retsö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
46. Arabic as the Language of Islam · Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem . . 811
47. Middle Arabic · Geoffrey Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
48. Creating a Modern Standard Language from Medieval Tradition:
The Nahḍa and the Arabic Academies · Dagmar Glaß . . . . . . . . . . . 835
49. Modern Standard Arabic · Karin C. Ryding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
50. Arabic Dialects (general article) · Janet C. E. Watson . . . . . . . . . . . 851
51. Dialects of the Arabian Peninsula · Janet C. E. Watson . . . . . . . . . . 897
52. Arabic Dialects of Mesopotamia · Shabo Talay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
53. Dialects of the Levant · Samia Naïm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
54. Dialects of Egypt and Sudan · James Dickins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
55. Arabic in the North African Region · Christophe Pereira . . . . . . . . . 954
56. Arabic Sociolinguistics · Jonathan Owens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
57. Arabic Urban Vernaculars · Catherine Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
58. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles · Xavier Luffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
59. Berber and Arabic Language Contact · Mohand Tilmatine . . . . . . . . 1001
60. Arabic-Persian Language Contact · Dénes Gazsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
61. Language Contact between Arabic and Modern European Languages ·
Lutz Edzard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
62. Maltese as a National Language · Albert Borg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
63. Ancient South Arabian · Peter Stein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
64. Modern South Arabian · Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle . . . . . . . . . 1073
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Contents ix
VII. The Semitic Languages and Dialects V:
Ethio-Semitic Languages
65. Ethio-Semitic in General · Stefan Weninger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
66. Old Ethiopic · Stefan Weninger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124
67. Tigre · Didier Morin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
68. Tigrinya · Rainer Voigt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
69. Tigrinya as National Language of Eritrea and Tigray · Rainer Voigt . . 1170
70. Amharic · Ronny Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
71. The Role of Amharic as a National Language and an African lingua
franca · Ronny Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212
72. Gurage · Ronny Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220
73. Harari · Ewald Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257
74. Ethiosemitic-Cushitic Language Contact · Joachim Crass and Ronny
Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
Terminological index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
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