The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera

176 Pages·2003·15.56 MB·English

BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY
Volume b21
The Semiaquatic and Aquatic
Hemiptera of California
(Heteroptera: Hemiptera)
Edited by ARNOLD S. MENKE
With contributions by Harold C. Chapman, David R. Lauck,
Arnold S. Menke, John T: Polhemus, and Fred S. Truxal.
THE SEMIAQUATIC AND AQUATIC
HEMIPTERA OF CALIFORNIA
(Hete ropt era: Hemiptera)
BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY
VOLUME 21
THE SEMIAQUATIC AND AQUATIC
HEMIPTERA OF CALIFORNIA
(Heteroptera: Hemiptera)
c
edited by ARNOLD S. MENKE
with contributions by Harold C. Chapman, David R. Lauck,
Arnold S. Menke, John T. Polhemus, and Fred S. Truxal
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY*LOSA NGELESLONDON
BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECTSURVEY
Advisory Editors: H. V. Daly. J. A. Powell, J. N,B elkin, R. M. Bohart,
D. P. Furman, J. D. Pinto, E. I. Schlinger, R. W. Thorp
VOLUME 21
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. LTD.
LONDON. ENGLAND
ISBN 0-520-09592-8
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 77-91755
0 1979 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ROBERT L. UStNGER initiated this project but did not live to see it
,finished. Bob was an inspirational teacher and n dear friend to all of us,
and it is with great affection that we dedicate this bulletin to his memory.
Cont ents
Preface, ix
Acknowledgments, x
Abbreviations, xi
INTRODUCTION, A. S. Menke
California Fauna, 1
Habitat and Ecology, 2
Key to California semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera based on
habitats and habits, 3
Economic Importance, 3
Biology, 4
Eggs, 4
Key to eggs and egg-laying habits of California semiaquatic
and aquatic Hemiptera, 4
Nymphs, 5
Key to nymphs of California families of semiaquatic and
aquatic Hemiptera, 6
Parasites and commensals, 6
Alary polymorphism and migration, 6
Swimming and surface locomotion, 8
Respiration, 9
Stridulation, 10
Collecting Methods and Rearing Techniques, 10
Procedure, 10
Literature, 11
Morphology, 11
Metathoracic scent glands, 12
Systematics, 13
Infraordinal names, 13
Phylogeny and classification, 13
Key to adults of Nearctic families, 14
FAMILY SALDIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 16
FAMILY HEBRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 34
FAMILY MESOVELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 39
FAMILY HYDROMETRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 43
FAMILY MACROVELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 46
FAMILY VELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 49
FAMILY GERRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 58
FAMILY NEPIDAE, A. S. Menke 70
FAMILY BELOSTOMATIDAE, A. S. Menke 76
FAMILY CORIXIDAE, D. R. Lauck 87
vii
viii CONTENTS
FAMILY OCHTERIDAE, A. S. Menke 124
FAMILY GELASTOCORIDAE, A. S. Menke 126
FAMILY NAUCORIDAE, J. T. Polhemus 131
FAMILY NOTONECTIDAE, F. S. Truxal 139
Literature Cited, 149
Index, 163
Preface
Water bugs play an important role in fresh water the first symptoms of the illness that would cut short
ecosystems, and knowledge of them is essential for the Usinger’s brilliant career became obvious, much of the
study of fish biology and for the proper management of bulletin still remained incomplete. After his death, the
hatcheries. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence responsibility for insuring completion of the bulletin
that certain groups may be utilized in the biological fell to Menke. John Polhemus agreed to write up the
control of mosquitoes. Robert L. Usinger’s book, “Aqua- Naucoridae and help Chapman with the large task of
tic Insects of California,” published in 1956, summar- completing the semiaquatic families. The 16-year ges-
ized knowledge of the California semiaquatic and aqua- tation of this bulletin has resulted in some inconsis-
tic Hemiptera, but within a few years it was obvious tencies, but we hope that Bob would have been proud
that the treatment of some of the families in the book of the result.
needed improvement. The water bugs were one of Bob’s Harold C. Chapman is on the staff of the Gulf Coast
“first loves,” and he wanted to see an updated manual Mosquito Research Laboratory of the USDA at Lake
on them in print, so in 1962 he approached Harold Charles, La,; David R. Lauck is on the faculty of Hum-
Chapman and Arnold Menke about doing a California boldt State University, Arcata, Calif.; Arnold s. Menke
Insect Survey Bulletin. David Lauck and Fred Truxal is with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA,
accepted invitations to join in the endeavor, and work Washington, D.C.; John T. Polhemus is with the Uni-
started in mid-1962. Bob was to do the introduction versity of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colo.; Fred S.
and the Naucoridae and take care of editing the work. Truxal is with the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles
As often happens in a multiauthor project, some indi- County, Los Angeles, Calif.
viduals had more time than others, and bv 1967. when
ix
Acknowledgments
We have had the help of many individuals. Jerry A. chapter. Douglass Miller, Ronald Hodges, and Ted
Powell, University of California, Berkeley, devoted con- Spilman, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA,
siderable time to the project, especially after Usinger?s Washington, D.C., Robert Denno, University of Mary-
death. He arranged for the typing of rough drafts and land and Harold Chapman, Lake Charles, Louisiana
the execution of those illustrations rendered by Celeste reviewed various pottions of the manuscript and offered
Green, also of the University. In addition, Jerry acted many useful suggestions for improvement. John Law-
as a trouble shooter in many of those areas that plague rence, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
a work as involved as this has been, and we owe him Massachusetts, furnished us with a photocopy of a rare
a special debt of thanks. Say paper. Karen Menke and Mary Pat Grimmnitz did
The late Carl J. Drake freely gave constructive advice all of the manuscript typing. To all of these people we
on problems connected with various families in the Ger- extend our deep appreciation.
romorpha. Per Lindskog, University of Stockholm, We would like to thank the following people who fur-
Stockholm, Sweden: R. H. Cobben, Wageningen, Neth- nished information on types or other critical specimens:
erlands; I.M. Kerzhner, Zoological Institute, Lenin- Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Vincent Lee, and Hugh Leech,
grad, U.S.S.R.; and Randall T. Schuh, American Mu- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Peter
seum of Natural History, New York, gave advice on Ashlock and George Byers, University of Kansas, Law-
special problems in the Saldidae. Margaret Parsons, rence; Howard Evans, Colorado State University, Fort
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and Helen Collins (formerly at Harvard University, Cambridge,
Vaitaitis, Arlington, Virginia, furnished a complete Massachusetts); Richard Froeschner, U .S. National
translation of Popov?s 1971 book without which it would Museum, Washington, D.C.; Wayne Gagnb and Frank
have been impossible to include much information here Howarth, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii; Jon
about this important new work. Carl Muesebeck, U.S. Herring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A.,
National Museum, Washington, D.C., also did some Washington, D.C.; Ira La Rivers, University of Nevada,
translating for us. John Polhemus supplied up-to-date Reno; Jack Lattin, Oregon State University, Corvallis:
tabulations of total numbers of genera and species for Thomas Moore, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor;
the Gerromorpha and other useful information relating Joe Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon; Roy Snelling, Los
to the introduction. W. Aubrey Crich, Grimsby, Canada, Angeles County Museum of Natural History, California;
furnished the excellent photo of a male Belostoma with Roy Danielson, Lunds Universitets Zoologiska Institu-
eggs. All figures taken from previously published works tion, Lund, Sweden; Nils Andersen, Universitetets Zoo-
are acknowledged in the legends. Celeste Green ren- logiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; C. Lyal,
dered figures 11-12, 67-68, 80, 240-241, and 245-248. British Museum (Natural History), London, England;
Biruta Akerbergs, Smithsonian Institution, drew fig- A. Kaltenbach, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna,
ures 51-62, and E. Templeton, Los Angeles County Austria; C. Schmitz, Musee Royal de I?Afrique Centrale,
Museum, drew figure 267. Figures 17-18, 27-28, 39-41 Tervuren, Belgium; Bert Gustafsson, Naturhistoriska
and 252-265 were drawn by Arnold Menke. The re- Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden: and D. Guiglia, Mu-
maining figures are the work of the authors of each seo Civic0 di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy.
X
Abbreviations
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Museums and other type depositories are cited in
following institutions and owners of private collections abbreviated form under each species, “Mus. Paris” or
for making specimens available for study. The appended “USNM,”f or example. The complete names of those
abbreviations are used to indicate deposition of the institutions not enumerated above are cited below with
material seen in this study. their respective abbreviations.
AMNH American Museum of Natural History. New York ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
PDA Ashlock Collection, Lawrence, Kansas Pennsylvania
CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London,
CDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture. England
Sacramento csu Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Colo-
CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada rado
HCC Chapman Collection, Lake Charles, Louisiana CJD Drake Collection (now in USNM)
CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago Mus. Helsinki Helsingin Y liopiston EIPinmuseo, Helsinki, Fin-
cu Cornell University, Ithaca. New York land
CLH Hogue Collection, Eagle Rock, California (now Mus. Eberswalde Instit fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung Kleinmach-
in LACM) now, Eberswalde, German Democratic Republic
ISU Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Mus. Brussels Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Bel-
ILR La Rivers Collection, Verdi, Nevada (now in CAS) gique. Brussels, Belgium
DRL Lauck Collection, Arcata, California LSL Linnean Society of London, London. England
LACM Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. Mus. Turin Museo ed Istituto di Zoologia Sistematica Turin,
Los Angeles Italy
HLM McKenzie Collection (now in UCD) Mus. Genoa Museo Civic0 de Storia Naturale. Genoa, Italy
ASM Menke Collection (now in LACM) MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard Uni-
NC Nieser Collection, Utrecht, the Netherlands versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts
osu Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon Mus. Paris Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris,
JTP Polhemus Collection, Englewood. Colorado France
SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego Mus. Vienna Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Austria
JS Schuh Collection, Klamath Falls. Oregon Mus. Stockholm Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Sweden
su Stanford University, Palo Alto (now in LACM) Mus. Bucharest Mus6e d’Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa,
PHT Timberlake Collection. Riverside. California Bucharest, Romania
USNM United States National Museum, Washington. Mus. Naples Musde Zoologico della Universita di Napoli,
D.C. Naples, Italy
BC University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Mus. Tartu Tartu State University, Tartu, Estonian S.S.R.
Canada Mus. Copenhagen Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copen-
CIS University of California, California Insect Sur- hagen, Denmark
vey, Berkeley Mus. Oxford University Museum, Oxford. England
UCD University of California, Davis Mus. HPlle Zoologische Institute, Martin Luther Univer-
UCLA University of California, Los Angeles (now in sitst, Hglle. German Democratic Republic
LACM) Mus. Berlin Zoologischen Museum der Humboldt Univer-
UCR University of California, Riverside sitgt, Berlin, German Democratic Republic
FU University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida Mus. Hamburg Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany
KU University of Kansas. Lawrence. Kansas
UMMZ University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
RLU Usinger Collection (now in CIS)
xi