The Scientific Bases of Human Anatomy

330 Pages·2015·4.91 MB·English

by  Charles Oxnard, Matt Cartmill, Kaye B. Brown

The Scientific Bases
of Human Anatomy
Advances in Human Biology
Series Editors:
MattCartmill
KayeBrown
BostonUniversity
Titles in this Series
Thin on the Ground: Neandertal Biology, Archeology, and Ecology
by Steven E. Churchill
The Scientific Bases of Human Anatomy
by Charles Oxnard
The Scientific Bases
of Human Anatomy
CHARLES OXNARD
Emeritus Professor, University of Western Australia
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Oxnard,CharlesE.,1933-author.
Thescientificbasisofhumananatomy/byCharlesOxnard.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-471-23599-6(cloth)
1.Humananatomy.I.Title.
QM23.2.Q9652015
612–dc23
2015006925
Coverimage:©CharlesOxnard
Setin10/12.5ptITCGaramondStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India.
1 2015
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Contents
Foreword ............................................................ ix
Preface .............................................................. xiii
Chapter1 A New System of Human Anatomy ........................ 1
1.1 Why a New System? ................................... 1
1.2 For Whom Is This System Useful? ....................... 4
1.3 What is This System? .................................. 6
1.4 Why, Therefore, This Book? ............................ 7
1.5 What is My Hope for My Readers? ...................... 10
Chapter2 A Bird’s-eye View of the Human Body ..................... 13
2.1 The Scientific Basis of Anatomy......................... 13
2.2 Foundations: From Cell to Embryo ...................... 28
vii
viii|Contents
2.3 Blueprints: Across the Chordates........................ 41
2.4 Functions: External Lifestyles and Internal Milieux ........ 52
2.5 Integration and Control, Body and Brain ................ 63
2.6 Evolution: Forwards from Deep Time.................... 69
Chapter3 ‘The Naming of the Parts’: Some Wrinkles ................. 87
3.1 Terminological Confusions ............................. 88
3.2 Implications for Names from Developmental Anatomy .... 90
3.3 Conclusion ........................................... 95
Chapter4 Building the Human Trunk ............................... 97
4.1 The External Trunk: From Plan to Layout ................ 97
4.2 The Internal Trunk: From Shell to Framework............ 118
4.3 The Trunk: Comparative Plans.......................... 129
Chapter5 Building Human Limbs ................................... 139
5.1 The Limbs, from Fetus to Adult ......................... 139
5.2 Limbs across the Vertebrates ........................... 157
5.3 Limb Variations ....................................... 170
Chapter6 Understanding the Human Head .......................... 193
6.1 Insights from Building the Trunk ....................... 193
6.2 Now into the Head.................................... 197
6.3 Head Similarities to the Trunk .......................... 212
6.4 Head Differences from the Trunk ....................... 215
6.5 Final Head Anatomy in the Resultant Adult .............. 222
6.6 Head Structures and the Nervous System ................ 230
6.7 Heads over the Long Haul, from Lampreys to Humans .... 240
Chapter7 Building the Human Brain................................ 247
7.1 The Beginnings of the Central Nervous System ........... 247
7.2 From Spinal Cord to Brain: the Initial Brain .............. 252
7.3 The Ultimate Brain .................................... 258
7.4 The Size and Complexity of the Brain ................... 264
Chapter8 Postlude: Possible Human Futures......................... 283
References........................................................... 291
Index ............................................................... 295