The Science of Citizen Science

520 Pages·2021·8.514 MB·English

by  Katrin Vohland (editor), Anne Land-zandstra (editor), Luigi Ceccaroni (editor), Rob Lemmens (editor), Josep Perelló (editor), Marisa Ponti (editor), Roeland Samson (editor), Katherin Wagenknecht (editor)

Katrin Vohland · Anne Land-Zandstra
Luigi Ceccaroni · Rob Lemmens
Josep Perelló · Marisa Ponti
Roeland Samson · Katherin Wagenknecht
Editors
The Science of
Citizen Science
The Science of Citizen Science
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Katrin Vohland Anne Land-Zandstra
(cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129)
Luigi Ceccaroni Rob Lemmens Josep Perelló
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Marisa Ponti Roeland Samson
Katherin Wagenknecht
Editors
The Science of Citizen
Science
Editors
KatrinVohland AnneLand-Zandstra
MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–Leibniz FacultyofScience
InstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversity LeidenUniversity
Science(MfN) Leiden,TheNetherlands
Berlin,Germany
RobLemmens
NaturalHistoryMuseum(NHM)
FacultyofGeo-InformationScienceandEarth
Vienna,Austria
Observation(ITC)
UniversityofTwente
LuigiCeccaroni
Enschede,TheNetherlands
EarthwatchEurope
Oxford,UK
MarisaPonti
DepartmentofAppliedInformationTechnology
JosepPerelló
UniversityofGothenburg
OpenSystems,DepartamentdeFísicadela
Gothenburg,Sweden
MatèriaCondensada
UniversitatdeBarcelona
KatherinWagenknecht
Barcelona,Spain MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–Leibniz
InstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience
RoelandSamson
(MfN)
DepartmentofBioscienceEngineering
Berlin,Germany
UniversityofAntwerp
Antwerp,Belgium
ISBN978-3-030-58277-7 ISBN978-3-030-58278-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4
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Contents
1 Editorial:TheScienceofCitizenScienceEvolves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
KatrinVohland,AnneLand-Zandstra,LuigiCeccaroni,
RobLemmens,JosepPerelló,MarisaPonti,RoelandSamson,
andKatherinWagenknecht
2 WhatIsCitizenScience?TheChallengesofDefinition. . . . . . . . . . 13
Mordechai(Muki)Haklay,DanielDörler,FlorianHeigl,
MarinaManzoni,SusanneHecker,andKatrinVohland
3 CitizenScienceinEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
KatrinVohland,ClaudiaGöbel,BálintBalázs,EglėButkevičienė,
MariaDaskolia,BarboraDuží,SusanneHecker,MarinaManzoni,
andSvenSchade
PartI CitizenScienceasScience
4 ScienceasaCommons:ImprovingtheGovernance
ofKnowledgeThroughCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
MaitePelacho,HannotRodríguez,FernandoBroncano,
RenataKubus,FranciscoSanzGarcía,BeatrizGavete,
andAntonioLafuente
5 CitizenScienceintheNaturalSciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
DidoneFrigerio,AnettRichter,EsraPer,BaibaPruse,
andKatrinVohland
6 CitizenHumanities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
BarbaraHeinisch,KristinOswald,MaikeWeißpflug,
SallyShuttleworth,andGeoffreyBelknap
v
vi Contents
7 CitizenSocialScience:NewandEstablishedApproaches
toParticipationinSocialResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
AlexandraAlbert,BálintBalázs,EglėButkevičienė,KatjaMayer,
andJosepPerelló
8 DataQualityinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
BálintBalázs,PeterMooney,EvaNováková,LucyBastin,
andJamalJokarArsanjani
9 AConceptualModelforParticipantsandActivitiesinCitizen
ScienceProjects. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 159
RobLemmens,GillesFalquet,ChrisaTsinaraki,FriederikeKlan,
SvenSchade,LucyBastin,JaumePiera,VyronAntoniou,
JakubTrojan,FrankOstermann,andLuigiCeccaroni
10 MachineLearninginCitizenScience:Promises
andImplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
MartinaFranzen,LaureKloetzer,MarisaPonti,JakubTrojan,
andJuliánVicens
11 ParticipationandCo-creationinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
EnricSenabreHidalgo,JosepPerelló,FrankBecker,
IsabelleBonhoure,MartineLegris,andAnnaCigarini
12 CitizenScience,Health,andEnvironmentalJustice. . . . . . . . . . . . 219
LuigiCeccaroni,SashaM.Woods,JamesSprinks,SacobyWilson,
ElaineM.Faustman,AlettaBonn,BastianGreshakeTzovaras,
LaiaSubirats,andAyaH.Kimura
PartII CitizenScienceinSociety
13 ParticipantsinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
AnneLand-Zandstra,GaiaAgnello,andYaşarSelmanGültekin
14 InclusivenessandDiversityinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
CarolePaleco,SabinaGarcíaPeter,NoraSalasSeoane,
JuliaKaufmann,andPanagiotaArgyri
15 LearninginCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
LaureKloetzer,JuliaLorke,JosephRoche,YaelaGolumbic,
SilviaWinter,andAikiJõgeva
16 CitizenScienceCaseStudiesandTheirImpactsonSocial
Innovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
EglėButkevičienė,ArtemisSkarlatidou,BálintBalázs,BarboraDuží,
LucianoMassetti,IoannisTsampoulatidis,andLoretaTauginienė
Contents vii
17 ScienceasaLever:TheRolesandPowerofCivilSociety
OrganisationsinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
ClaudiaGöbel,LucileOttolini,andAnnettSchulze
18 CitizenScienceandPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
SvenSchade,MaitePelacho,Toos(C.G.E.)vanNoordwijk,
KatrinVohland,SusanneHecker,andMarinaManzoni
19 CreatingPositiveEnvironmentalImpactThroughCitizen
Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Toos(C.G.E.)vanNoordwijk,IsabelBishop,SarahStaunton-Lamb,
AliceOldfield,StevenLoiselle,HilaryGeoghegan,
andLuigiCeccaroni
20 EthicalChallengesandDynamicInformedConsent. . . . . . . . . . . . 397
LoretaTauginienė,PhilippHummer,AlexandraAlbert,
AnnaCigarini,andKatrinVohland
PartIII CitizenScienceinPractice
21 FindingWhatYouNeed:AGuidetoCitizenScienceGuidelines. . . 419
FranciscoSanzGarcía,MaitePelacho,TimWoods,DilekFraisl,
LindaSee,Mordechai(Muki)Haklay,andRosaArias
22 CitizenSciencePlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Hai-YingLiu,DanielDörler,FlorianHeigl,andSonjaGrossberndt
23 CitizenScienceintheDigitalWorldofApps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
RobLemmens,VyronAntoniou,PhilippHummer,
andChryssyPotsiou
24 CommunicationandDisseminationinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . 475
SimoneRüfenacht,TimWoods,GaiaAgnello,MargaretGold,
PhilippHummer,AnneLand-Zandstra,andAndreaSieber
25 EvaluationinCitizenScience:TheArtofTracing
aMovingTarget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
TeresaSchaefer,BarbaraKieslinger,MiriamBrandt,
andVanessavandenBogaert
PartIV Conclusions/LessonsLearnt
26 TheRecentPastandPossibleFuturesofCitizenScience:
FinalRemarks. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 517
JosepPerelló,AndrzejKlimczuk,AnneLand-Zandstra,
KatrinVohland,KatherinWagenknecht,ClaireNarraway,
RobLemmens,andMarisaPonti
Chapter 1
Editorial: The Science of Citizen Science
Evolves
KatrinVohland,AnneLand-Zandstra,LuigiCeccaroni,RobLemmens,
JosepPerelló,MarisaPonti,RoelandSamson,andKatherinWagenknecht
What Is Citizen Science?
Citizen science broadly refers to the active engagement of the general public in
scientificresearchtasks.Citizenscienceisagrowingpracticeinwhichscientistsand
citizens collaborate to produce new knowledge for science and society. Although
K.Vohland(*)
MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–LeibnizInstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience
(MfN),Berlin,Germany
NaturalHistoryMuseum(NHM),Vienna,Austria
e-mail:[email protected]
A.Land-Zandstra
FacultyofScience,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,TheNetherlands
L.Ceccaroni
EarthwatchEurope,Oxford,UK
R.Lemmens
FacultyofGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservation(ITC),UniversityofTwente,
Enschede,TheNetherlands
J.Perelló
OpenSystems,DepartamentdeFísicadelaMatèriaCondensada,UniversitatdeBarcelona,
Barcelona,Spain
M.Ponti
DepartmentofAppliedInformationTechnology,UniversityofGothenburg,Gothenburg,Sweden
R.Samson
DepartmentofBioscienceEngineering,UniversityofAntwerp,Antwerp,Belgium
K.Wagenknecht
MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–LeibnizInstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience
(MfN),Berlin,Germany
©TheAuthor(s)2021 1
K.Vohlandetal.(eds.),TheScienceofCitizenScience,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_1
2 K.Vohlandetal.
citizensciencehasbeenaroundforcenturies,thetermcitizensciencewascoinedin
the 1990s and has gained popularity since then. Recognition of citizen science is
growing in the fields of science, policy, and education and in wider society. It is
establishingitselfasafieldofresearchandafieldofpractice,increasingtheneedfor
overarchinginsights,standards,vocabulary,andguidelines.
In the process reflecting citizen science and its practices, many questions arise.
Howoldiscitizenscience?Whatisthedifference, ifany,betweencitizenscience,
participatory science, post-normal science, civic science, and crowd science? Is
citizen science just a new political term in order to obtain funding? Some critics
viewcitizenscienceasarenewedneoliberalapproachtoexploitcitizensbymaking
themworkforfreewhendataisakeyassetofourcentury.Thesequestionsmaynot
befullyanswerable,buttheysurelydeserveconsidereddebate.Thesequestionsarea
primeexampleoftheneedtomaintainalivelydiscoursearoundcitizenscience,with
asmanypractitionersaspossible,andthenbringtogetherinasinglebookallthese
perspectives.Therefore,thepresentvolumeaimstooffertothosewhoarenewtothe
fieldofcitizenscienceanoverviewofthedifferentaspectsofcitizenscienceandthe
currentdevelopmentsanddiscussionsinthefield.Thelargenumberofchaptersisan
illustration of how diverse the citizen science world is and how many different
aspectsneedtobeconsideredwhendelvingintothefield.
Thisbookattemptstohandleinaholisticmanneralldimensionsofcitizenscience,
starting with a detailed understanding of the concepts, of science, research, and
knowledge. The ambition of this book is to provide a complete picture of citizen
science, including the always important ethical aspects, as well as its controversial
links with commercialisation and social outcomes as well as the application of
different definitions as outlined by Haklay et al. in chapter 2. Cultural differences
are also at stake, as seen in the Europe-wide understanding of citizen science,
describedbyVohlandetal.inchapter3.
The European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) has characterised citizen
science (Haklay et al. 2020) based on the ECSA 10 Principles of Citizen Science
forgoodpractice(Robinsonetal.2018).Thisworkprovidedthereferencetobuild
the different chapters in this book, addressing questions of power relations, data
ownership,andpoliticalimpact.Thebookaimstocontributetothegoodpracticeof
citizenscienceinordertodevelopcitizenscienceasanacknowledgedandbroadly
practiced approach in universities, other research institutes, and civil society orga-
nisations.Thescientificandepistemologicalbenefitsofcitizensciencefordifferent
disciplinesarealsoaddressedandcriticallyreflectedupon,mainlyinthefirstpartof
the book. The second part of the book focuses on the societal impact of citizen
science,withregardtopolicy,learning,andtriggering(social)innovation.Thetools
and instruments that are appropriate to support and mainstream citizen science are
elaboratedinthethirdpartofthebook.
1 Editorial:TheScienceofCitizenScienceEvolves 3
The Emergence of the COST Action Research Network
ThepresentvolumelargelyincorporatestheresearchnetworkoftheCOST(Coop-
eration in Science and Technology) Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote
Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe and includes
additional authors in order to provide a complete and coherent scholarly book on
citizenscience.
A European Union (EU)1 programme, COST includes tools for networking to
improvescientificexcellenceandscientificintegrationinEurope.Itstartedin1971
andhassupportedthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanResearchEra(ERA)intwokey
areas: (1) scientific excellence and innovative power and (2) inclusiveness. COST
has38membercountries,andIsraelisacooperatingpartner(Fig.1.1).
The main tool in COST are Actions, which are networks that are supported by
funding for travel costs for workshops and training schools, and also scientific
exchanges which are called Short Term Scientific Missions (STSM). The member
countries nominate the members of each Management Committee (MC) – the key
decision-makingbodyofeachAction.ThevisionofCOSTistosupportinnovative,
Fig.1.1 EuropeanUnionmembercountriesduringthekeyphaseofCOSTActionCA15212(the
UKleft theEUon1 February2020) and membercountries ofCOST. Except for Moldovaand
Iceland, all COST countries are members of CA15212. Country data: World Bank Official
Boundaries;COSTdatafromwww.cost.eu
1https://www.cost.eu/