Table Of Contenti
The Science of Biometrics
The Science of Biometrics: Security Technology for Identity Verification
covers the technical aspects of iris and facial recognition, focusing pri-
marily on the mathematical and statistical algorithms that run the verifi-
cation and identification processes in these two modalities.
Each chapter begins with a review of the technologies, examining
how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as some
of their established market applications. Numerous approaches are
examined. Facial recognition is much more of an emerging biometric
technology than iris recognition; therefore, there are more algorithms that
are currently being developed in that area. After this review, numerous
applications of these two modalities are covered as well, some of which
have just been commercially deployed while others are under research
and development. Chapters 3 and 4 conclude with case studies to pro-
vide further application review.
This book is directed to security managers, electronic security system
designers, consultants, and system integrators, as well as electronic
security system manufacturers working in access control and biometrics.
Ravindra Das is a technical writer for BN.Net, Inc.™, a leading tech-
nical communications company based in Chicago, IL. He has written two
books, as well as the online course content for numerous certification
exams. He has been published extensively worldwide, and holds an MBA
in Management Information Systems from Bowling Green State University.
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The Science of
Biometrics
Security Technology for
Identity Verification
Ravindra Das
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First published 2019
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
The right of Ravindra Das to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Das, Ravindra, author.
Title: The science of biometrics : security technology for
identity verification / Ravindra Das.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018004825 (print) | LCCN 2018012109 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780429487583 (master) | ISBN 9781138594425 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781498761246 (pbk) | ISBN 9780429487583 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Biometric identification.
Classification: LCC TK7882.B56 (ebook) | LCC TK7882.B56
D3725 2018 (print) | DDC 006.2/48–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018004825
ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 59442- 5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978- 1- 498-76124- 6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978- 0- 429- 48758- 3 (ebk)
Typeset in Optima
by Out of House Publishing
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This book first and foremost is dedicated to my Lord and
Savior, Jesus Christ.
This book is also dedicated in loving memory to my parents,
Dr. Gopal Das and Mrs. Kunda Das.
This book is also lovingly dedicated to Anita Das, Mary
Hanlon, Jaya Chandra, Satish Chandra, Robert Rodriguez,
Pastor So Young Kim (and the entire congregation at the First
United Methodist Church of Bensenville, IL), Dennis Johnting,
Carolyn Johnson, Arun Bhalla, Jane Andrew, Asha Genna,
David Genna, David Genna, Jr., Kevin Genna, and Adam and
Bree Szafranski.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Overview of Biometric Technology: Authentication,
Biocryptography, and Cloud- Based Architecture 1
Overview of Adopting Biometric
Technologies: Challenges and Solutions 12
Chapter 2 Review of Biometrics 41
Two Components of Biometric Technology – A
Review of the Technical and Social Impacts 41
The Social Implications 43
The Technical Implications 52
A Formal Definition of Biometrics 52
The Difference Between Physiological and
Behavioral- Based Biometrics 55
What is Recognition? 58
Physical Biometrics 60
Behavioral Biometrics 61
Understanding the Biometric Template 63
The Mathematical Files of the Biometric Templates 64
The Important Biometric Metrics and Key Performance
Indicators 66
The Major Market Applications of the Biometric
Technologies 70
Physical Access Control 71
Time and Attendance 72
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Contents
Logical Access Control 73
Mobile and Wireless 74
Mobile and E-C ommerce 75
Surveillance 76
A Technical Review of the Major Biometric
Modalities 78
Physical Biometrics – Hand Geometry Recognition 79
Physical Biometrics – Vein Pattern Recognition 81
Physical Biometrics – Facial Recognition 82
Physical Biometrics – Voice Recognition 83
Physical Biometrics – Iris Recognition 84
Physical Biometrics – Fingerprint Recognition 85
Behavioral Biometrics – Signature Recognition 87
Behavioral Biometrics – Keystroke Recognition 88
Chapter 3 Iris Recognition 90
Physical and Behavioral Biometrics 90
The Differences Between Physical Biometrics and
Behavioral Biometrics 90
The Eye: The Iris and the Retina 92
The Retina 92
The Physiology of the Retina 94
The Process of Retinal Recognition 95
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Retinal
Recognition 97
The Iris 100
The Physiological Structure of the Iris 101
How Iris Recognition Works: The Mathematical
Algorithms 104
The “Father” of Iris Recognition – Dr. John Daugman 104
The Theoretical Framework of Iris Recognition –
Tarawneh and Thunibat 106
Reducing the Effects of Pupil Dilation and Constriction –
Proenca and Neves 115
Reducing the Effects of Eyelids and Eyelashes – Lin et al.
and Zhou and Sun 120
Reducing the Signal Noise in the Eye Image –
Shivani and Sharma 124
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Contents
The Applications of Iris Recognition 128
Overview of the Major Applications 129
Spoofing – Print Attacks – Gupta et al. 131
Wireless Networks – Ibrahim et al. 139
Fuzzy Neural Networks – Karthikeyan 147
Biocryptography 153
Introduction to Cryptography 155
Message Scrambling and Descrambling 156
Encryption and Decryption 156
Ciphertexts 157
Symmetric Key Systems and Asymmetric Key Systems 158
The Mathematical Algorithms with Symmetric
Cryptography 158
Asymmetric Key Cryptography 159
Keys and Public Private Keys 160
The Differences Between Asymmetric and Symmetric
Cryptography 161
The Mathematical Algorithms of Asymmetric
Cryptography 162
An Introduction to Biocryptography 164
The Cipher Biometric Template 165
Biocryptography Keys 166
A Review of How Biocryptography Can Be Used to
Further Protect Iris Templates 167
Case Study: “The Afghan Girl – Sharbat Gula” 174
Chapter 4 Facial Recognition 179
Which One to Use? Iris Recognition or Facial
Recognition? 179
An Introduction to Facial Recognition 181
Facial Recognition: How it Works 182
Defining the Effectiveness of a Facial
Recognition System 184
The Techniques of Facial Recognition 186
Facial Recognition: The Advantages and the
Disadvantages 188
An Overview of the Facial Recognition
Methodologies 190
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