The Science and Technology Labor Force: The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers

363 Pages·2016·7.462 MB·English

by  Leonid Gokhberg, Natalia Shmatko, Laudeline Auriol (eds.)

Science, Technology and Innovation Studies
Leonid Gokhberg
Natalia Shmatko
Laudeline Auriol Editors
The Science
and Technology
Labor Force
The Value of Doctorate Holders and
Development of Professional Careers
Science, Technology and Innovation
Studies
Series Editors
Leonid Gokhberg
Moscow, Russia
Dirk Meissner
Moscow, Russia
Science,technologyandinnovationpolicies(STIS)areinterrelatedandconnected.
They are important as innovation drives economic development and societal wel-
fare. The book series aims to contribute to improved understanding of these
interrelations.Interdisciplinaryincoverage,theseriesfocusesonthelinksbetween
STIS, business, economy and society. The series offers theoretical and practical
relevancethroughstudyingconceptualandempiricalcontributions.Relevanttopics
include STISanditseconomicandsocialimpacts,STISpolicy designandimple-
mentation,entrepreneurshippolicies,foresightstudies,emergingtechnologiesand
technologyandinnovationmanagement.Theseriesisaddressedtoprofessionalsin
research and teaching, consultancies and industry, governments and international
organizations.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13398
Leonid Gokhberg (cid:129) Natalia Shmatko (cid:129)
Laudeline Auriol
Editors
The Science and
Technology Labor Force
The Value of Doctorate Holders and
Development of Professional Careers
Editors
LeonidGokhberg NataliaShmatko
InstituteforStatisticalStudiesand InstituteforStatisticalStudiesand
EconomicsofKnowledge(ISSEK) EconomicsofKnowledge(ISSEK)
NationalResearchUniversity NationalResearchUniversity
HigherSchoolofEconomics HigherSchoolofEconomics
Moscow,Russia Moscow,Russia
LaudelineAuriol
OrganisationforEconomicCooperation
andDevelopment(OECD)
Paris,France
Science,TechnologyandInnovationStudies
ISBN978-3-319-27208-5 ISBN978-3-319-27210-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-27210-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940017
#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Foreword
Over the last century, our societies have witnessed significant changes in their
researchsystemsand the way research is conducted. One dimensionofthistrans-
formation is the specialisation and professionalisation in research and research
training. In this context, the figure of the doctorate graduate—the “PhD”—has
becomeincreasinglyprominentforitclearlyepitomisesthissecularandrelentless
trendtowardsfurtherspecialisationinresearch.
The emergence of doctoral-level researchers reflects the expansion of higher
educationatpostgraduatelevelsandtheincreasingroleofuniversitiesaspolesof
research.Thisinturnhasledtoapolicydebateinmanycountriesoverwhatisthe
appropriate model for training and supporting the career development of the next
generation of researchers, those who will be in charge of providing and
implementing solutions to today’s major unsolved challenges. On the one hand,
the traditional, almost apprentice-like, model has proved effective at building a
cadre of highly motivated individuals with the expertise and know-how that is
crucialforachievingthescientificexcellenceofacademicinstitutions.Ontheother
hand,thereareconcernsaboutthismodel’sabilitytotrainindividualsforcommer-
cialresearchandbroaderinnovationcareersoutsidescienceoracademia,especially
as increasingly many researchers circulate between institutions and from one
countrytoanother.
Policy experimentation such as the expansion of doctoral programs, new
formsofdoctoralprogramsthatareshorterinduration,thefundingofpostdoctoral
training,aswellastheprovisionofincentivestoenterprisestotemporarilyengage
or permanently employ PhDs have emerged. Robust evaluation of these policy
initiatives is limited by the lack of sufficiently detailed data because general
householdsurveysarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringsmallpopulations.
To address this gap, the OECD has teamed up with UNESCO and Eurostat to
promotethesystematicmeasurementofthecareersofdoctorateholders:theCDH
project.Thishashelpedelevatethedialogueaboutthedataneededandtheevidence
requiredtobetterunderstandwhatincentivesandmotivationsdrivethesupplyand
demandforskillsforresearchandinnovation,howtheyinteractandwhichpolicies
canimprovetheoutcomes.Thisevidenceisofvaluenotonlytopolicymakersbut
also to individuals who need information about their prospects when deciding
whethertoundertakethemajorcommitmentofstartingaresearchcareer.
v
vi Foreword
This volume constitutes an important step in this direction with valuable new
evidence on this topic, drawing in part upon the CDH project and the network of
researchers who have contributed to it. The various chapters provide different
perspectives and insights on doctorate holders, their careers and labour market
experiences, including some of the main outcomes of the latest wave of OECD
workinthisarea.
Many of the contributors have generously participated in workshops and
seminars organised by the OECD and partner organizations in the context of this
project to whom I am thankful. Beyond the research findings, the formation of a
global community of experts who focus on the intersection of data, methodology
andpolicyanalysisisasignificantoutcome.Thisbookprovidesavaluableaddition
tothebodyofevidenceandwillhopefullytriggerfurtherresearchanddiscussionat
atimewhenthisismuchneeded.
AndrewWyckoff
DirectorOECD’sDirectorateforScience
TechnologyandInnovation
Contents
1 RethinkingtheDoctoralDegreesintheChangingLaborMarket
Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LeonidGokhberg,NataliaShmatko,andLaudelineAuriol
PartI TheInternationalValueofDoctorateDegrees
ontheLaborMarket
2 DoctoralEducationandLaborMarket:PolicyQuestions
andDataNeeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
BarbaraM.KehmandUlrichTeichler
3 TheCareersofDoctorateHolders(CDH):PrinciplesforBroad
InternationalSurveys—TheCDHExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
LaudelineAuriol
4 DoctorateHolders’LaborMarketandMobility:TheAcademic
CareerastheFirstChoice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LaudelineAuriol,Toshiyuki‘Max’Misu,andFernandoGalindo-Rueda
PartII DoctorateHolders:EmploymentOutcomeandMobility
5 ScienceandEngineeringLaborForceintheUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
StevenProudfootandThomasB.Hoffer
6 PecuniaryandScientificMotivesasDriversofPhDCareers:
ExploringtheEvidencefromBelgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
KarlBoostenandAndre´ Spithoven
7 ProfessionalCareersandMobilityofRussianDoctorateHolders. . . 145
NataliaShmatkoandYurijKatchanov
8 InternationalMobilityofSpanishDoctorateHolders. . . . . . . . . . . 171
LauraCruz-Castro,KoenJonkers,andLuisSanz-Mene´ndez
9 DeterminantofCareersPatternsforDoctorateHolders. . . . . . . . . 193
JoanaDuarteandJoanaMendonc¸a
vii
viii Contents
PartIII HumanResourcesinScienceandTechnologyandTheir
ProfessionalCareers
10 TransitionfromSchooltoWorkofPhDHolders:TheCase
ofFrance. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 233
JulienCalmand
11 RussianResearchers:ProfessionalValues,Remuneration
andAttitudestoSciencePolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
LeonidGokhberg,GalinaKitova,andTatianaKuznetsova
12 ANationalApproachtoRealisingthePotentialofResearchers:
TheCaseoftheUK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 273
EllenPearceandJanetMetcalfe
13 DomesticandInternationalDestinationsofJapan’sDoctorate
Holders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Toshiyuki‘Max’MisuandAkiraHoroiwa
14 The‘AddedValue’ofResearchers:TheImpactofDoctorate
HoldersonEconomicDevelopment. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 317
AdrianaBin,SergioSalles-Filho,FernandoA.BasileColugnati,
andFa´bioRochaCampos
PartIV Conclusion
15 TheMeaningofDoctorateHoldersforHumanCapital
DevelopmentofNations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
DirkMeissner,LeonidGokhberg,andNataliaShmatko
List of Contributors
Laudeline Auriol Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
Paris,France
Adriana Bin School ofAppliedSciences, UniversityofCampinas (UNICAMP),
Limeira/S~aoPaulo,Brazil
Karl Boosten Belgium Science Policy Office, University of Ghent, Brussels,
Belgium
JulienCalmand De´partementd’Entre´esetEvolutionsdanslaVieActive(Deeva),
Centred’EtudesetdeRecherchesurlesQualifications(Ce´req),Marseille,France
Fa´bioRochaCampos DepartmentofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,Instituteof
Geosciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Jo~ao Pandia´ Cal(cid:2)ogeras,
Campinas/S~aoPaulo,Brazil
Fernando A. Basile Colugnati Medical School, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora(UFJF),RuaJose´Lourenc¸oKelmer,JuizdeFora/MinasGerais,Brazil
Laura Cruz-Castro Department of Science and Innovation, Institute of Public
GoodsandPolicies(IPP),ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCient´ıficas(CSIC),
Madrid,Spain
JoanaDuarte Direc¸~ao-GeraldeEstat´ısticasdeEducac¸~aoeCieˆncia,Ministe´rioda
Educac¸~aoeCieˆncia,Lisbon,Portugal
Fernando Galindo-Rueda Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment(OECD),Paris,France
Leonid Gokhberg Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge,
NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,Russia
Thomas B. Hoffer Education Studies Program, NORC, University of Chicago,
Chicago,IL,USA
AkiraHoroiwa DepartmentofInternationalResearchandCo-operation,National
InstituteforEducationalPolicyResearch,Tokyo,Japan
Koen Jonkers Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological
Studies(IPTS),EuropeanCommission,Seville,Spain
ix