The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook

552 Pages·2004·5.87 MB·English

The Satellite Communication
Applications Handbook
Second Edition
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SpaceTechnologyandApplicationsSeries,turntothebackofthisbook.
The Satellite Communication
Applications Handbook
Second Edition
Bruce R. Elbert
Artech House, Inc.
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
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Contents
Preface xv
PART I
System Considerations 1
CHAPTER 1
Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications 3
1.1 SatelliteNetworkFundamentals 7
1.2 SatelliteApplicationTypes 14
1.2.1 BroadcastandMulticastofDigitalContent 14
1.2.2 VoiceandTelephonyNetworks 20
1.2.3 DataCommunicationsandtheInternet 23
1.2.4 MobileandPersonalCommunications 25
References 26
CHAPTER 2
Satellite Links, Multiple Access Methods, and Frequency Bands 27
2.1 DesignoftheSatelliteLink 27
2.1.1 MeaningandUseoftheDecibel 29
2.1.2 LinkBudgetsandTheirInterpretation 31
2.2 LinkBudgetExample 36
2.2.1 DownlinkBudget 37
2.2.2 UplinkBudget 42
2.2.3 OverallLink 46
2.2.4 AdditionalSourcesofNoiseandInterference 48
2.3 MultipleAccessSystems 49
2.3.1 FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess 50
2.3.2 TimeDivisionMultipleAccessandALOHA 51
2.3.3 CodeDivisionMultipleAccess 53
2.4 FrequencyBandTrade-Offs 56
2.4.1 UltraHighFrequency 59
2.4.2 L-Band 60
2.4.3 S-Band 61
2.4.4 C-Band 61
2.4.5 X-Band 62
2.4.6 Ku-Band 62
vii
viii Contents
2.4.7 Ka-Band 63
2.4.8 Q-andV-Bands 64
2.4.9 LaserCommunications 64
2.4.10 SummaryComparisonoftheSpectrumOptions 65
References 65
CHAPTER 3
Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation 67
3.1 SatelliteSelectionandSystemImplementation 68
3.2 CommunicationsPayloadConfigurations 71
3.2.1 Single-Frequency-BandPayload 72
3.2.2 Multiple-Frequency-BandHybridPayloads 74
3.2.3 ShapedVersusSpotBeamAntennas 74
3.2.4 Analog(Bent-Pipe)RepeaterDesign 78
3.2.5 DigitalOnboardProcessingRepeater 81
3.2.6 RepeaterPowerandBandwidth 90
3.2.7 AdditionalPayloadIssues 93
3.3 SpacecraftBusConsiderations 94
3.3.1 Three-AxisBusStabilityandControl 95
3.3.2 SpacecraftPowerConstraints 96
3.4 ContingencyPlanning 100
3.4.1 RisksinSatelliteOperation 101
3.4.2 AvailableInsuranceCoverage 105
3.4.3 SpaceDevelopment—EstimatingLeadTime 108
3.4.4 SatelliteBackupandReplacementStrategy 109
References 111
PART II
Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users 113
CHAPTER 4
Television Applications and Standards 115
4.1 EntertainmentProgramming 116
4.1.1 NetworkBroadcast 122
4.1.2 CableTV 123
4.2 EducationalTVandDistanceLearning 134
4.2.1 UniversityDistanceEducation 135
4.2.2 CorporateEducationandInteractiveLearningNetworks 136
4.2.3 GuidelinesforEffectiveDistanceLearning 139
4.3 BusinessTV 140
4.3.1 PrivateBroadcasting 141
4.3.2 VideoTeleconferencing 143
4.4 AnalogTVStandards 148
4.4.1 VideoFormatStandards 149
4.4.2 AnalogTransmissionStandards 149
References 158
Contents ix
CHAPTER 5
Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards 159
5.1 CompressionTechnology 162
5.1.1 DigitalProcessing 163
5.1.2 SpatialCompression(TransformCoding) 165
5.1.3 TemporalCompression(Frame-to-FrameCompression) 167
5.1.4 MotionCompensation 168
5.1.5 HybridCodingTechniques 169
5.2 ITURecordingandTransmissionStandards 170
5.2.1 ITU601UncompressedDigitalTelevision 170
5.2.2 TheITUH.SeriesStandards 171
5.3 MotionPictureExpertGroup 172
5.3.1 MPEG1 173
5.3.2 MPEG2 176
5.3.3 MPEGAudio 178
5.3.4 AssessingMPEG2VideoQuality 180
5.3.5 MPEG4 183
5.4 DigitalVideoBroadcastingStandard 186
5.4.1 DVBRequirementsandOrganization 187
5.4.2 RelationshipBetweenDVBandMPEG2 188
5.4.3 TheSatelliteStandard(DVB-S) 188
5.4.4 SupportingDVBServices—Sound,ServiceInformation,and
5.4.4 ConditionalAccess 190
5.5 DataBroadcastingandInternetProtocolEncapsulation 195
5.5.1 IPEncapsulationintheMPEGTransportStream 195
5.5.2 PacketIdentification 197
5.5.3 PerformanceofIPEncapsulation 198
5.6 DigitalVideoInterfaceStandards 200
5.6.1 SerialDigitalInterface 200
5.6.2 DVBAsynchronousSerialInterface 201
5.7 TerrestrialBackhaulInterfaces 201
5.7.1 FiberOpticSystemInterfaces—SynchronousOpticalNetwork
5.7.1 andSynchronousDigitalHierarchy 202
5.7.2 AsynchronousTransferMode 203
5.7.3 GigabitEthernet(IEEE802.3z) 204
References 207
CHAPTER 6
Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting 209
6.1 RelativeCostofSatelliteDTHVersusCable 210
6.2 DTHSystemArchitecture 211
6.2.1 BasicElementsandSignalFlow 211
6.2.2 CompressionSystemArrangement 212
6.2.3 SuppliersofKeyElements 214
6.3 SatelliteArchitecture 216
6.3.1 Medium-PowerDTHSatelliteSystems 218