Table Of ContentThe SAGE Handbook of
Diplomacy
EDITORIAL BOARD
Michele Acuto, University College London
Rebecca Adler-Nissen, University of Copenhagen
Karin Aggestam, Lund University, Sweden
Peter van Bergeijk, Erasmus University, Netherlands
Corneliu Bjola, University of Oxford
Caitlin Byrne, Bond University, Australia
David Clinton, Baylor University, USA
Noé Cornago, University of the Basque Country
Erik Goldstein, Boston University, USA
Paul Harris, The Hong Kong Institute of Education
Gunther Hellmann, Goethe University Frankfurt
Alan Henrikson, Tufts University, USA
Dennis Jett, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Christer Jonsson, Lund University, Sweden
Richard Langhorne, University of Buckingham
Jan Melissen, Clingendael, Netherlands
Raquel Meneses, University of Porto
Iver Neumann, The London School of Economics and Political
Science (LSE)
Donna Oglesby, The Public Diplomacy Council
Geoffrey Pigman, Bennington College, USA
Kishan S. Rana, DiploFoundation
Joana Setzer, The London School of Economics and Political
Science (LSE)
Mikael Soendergaard, Aarhus University, Denmark
Yolanda Kemp Spies, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Yannis Stivachtis, Virginia Tech, USA
See Seng Tan, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore
Sam Okoth Opondo, Vassar College, USA
I. William Zartman, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Qingmin Zhang, Peking University, China
The SAGE Handbook of
Diplomacy
Edited by
Costas M. Constantinou,
Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp
SAGE Publications Ltd Introduction & editorial arrangement © Costas M. Constantinou,
1 Oliver’s Yard Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp 2016
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Constantinou and Paul Sharp 2016 2016
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Chapter 11 © Noé Cornago 2016 David Hastings Dunn 2016
Chapter 12 © Kishan S. Rana 2016 Chapter 38 © Peter Viggo Jakobsen
Chapter 13 © Ana Mar Fernández 2016
Pasarín 2016 Chapter 39 © David Armstrong 2016
Chapter 14 © Paul Sharp and Chapter 40 © Paul Meerts 2016
Geoffrey Wiseman 2016 Chapter 41 © Michele Acuto 2016
Chapter 15 © David Clinton 2016 Chapter 42 © Melissa Conley Tyler
Chapter 16 © Linda S. Frey and and Craig Beyerinck 2016
Marsha L. Frey 2016 Chapter 43 © Mark Wheeler 2016
Editor: Amy Jarrold
Chapter 17 © I. William Zartman Chapter 44 © Eytan Gilboa 2016
Editorial Assistant: Mathew Oldfield
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Chapter 24 © Baldur Thorhallsson Chapter 51 © Daryl Copeland 2016
and Alyson J.K. Bailes† 2016 Chapter 52 © J. Marshall Beier 2016
Chapter 25 © Michael Smith 2016 Chapter 53 © Hussein Banai 2016
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Contents
List of Abstracts ix
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xxvi
Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxvii
Introduction: Understanding diplomatic practice 1
Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp
PART I DIPLOMATIC CONCEPTS AND THEORIES 11
1 Theoretical perspectives in diplomacy 13
Costas M. Constantinou and Paul Sharp
2 A conceptual history of diplomacy 28
Halvard Leira
3 Diplomacy and the colonial encounter 39
Sam Okoth Opondo
4 Statecraft, strategy and diplomacy 54
Markus Kornprobst
5 Diplomacy and foreign policy 67
Brian Hocking
6 Diplomacy, communication and signaling 79
Christer Jönsson
7 Diplomatic agency 92
Rebecca Adler-Nissen
8 Diplomatic culture 104
Fiona McConnell and Jason Dittmer
9 Diplomacy and the arts 114
Iver B. Neumann
10 Diplomatic ethics 123
Corneliu Bjola
11 Diplomatic knowledge 133
Noé Cornago
vi THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF DIPLOMACY
PART II DIPLOMATIC INSTITUTIONS 147
12 Embassies, permanent missions and special missions 149
Kishan S. Rana
13 Consulates and consular diplomacy 161
Ana Mar Fernández Pasarín
14 The diplomatic corps 171
Paul Sharp and Geoffrey Wiseman
15 Diplomacy and international law 185
David Clinton
16 Diplomatic immunity 197
Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey
17 Diplomacy and negotiation 207
I. William Zartman
18 Diplomatic mediation 220
Karin Aggestam
19 Diplomatic summitry 231
David Hastings Dunn and Richard Lock-Pullan
20 Diplomatic language 242
Donna Marie Oglesby
PART III DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 255
21 Diplomatic relations between states 257
Alan James
22 Great power diplomacy 268
Cornelia Navari
23 Middle power diplomacy 281
Yolanda Kemp Spies
24 Small state diplomacy 294
Baldur Thorhallsson and Alyson J.K. Bailes†
25 European Union diplomacy 308
Michael Smith
26 American diplomacy 319
Alan K. Henrikson
Contents vii
27 Russian post-Soviet diplomacy 336
Tatiana Zonova
28 China’s diplomacy 348
Zhimin Chen
29 Diplomacy in East Asia 361
Pauline Kerr
30 Latin American diplomacy 372
Sean W. Burges and Fabrício H. Chagas Bastos
31 Middle East diplomacy 385
Stephan Stetter
32 African diplomacy 398
Asteris Huliaras and Konstantinos Magliveras
33 Southern African diplomacy 414
Stephen Chan
34 Developing states diplomacy 423
Stephen Calleya
PART IV TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC ENGAGEMENT 435
35 Public diplomacy 437
Ellen Huijgh
36 Quiet and secret diplomacy 451
William Maley
37 Crisis diplomacy 462
Edward Avenell and David Hastings Dunn
38 Coercive diplomacy 476
Peter Viggo Jakobsen
39 Revolutionary diplomacy 487
David Armstrong
40 Conference diplomacy 499
Paul Meerts
41 City diplomacy 510
Michele Acuto
42 Citizen diplomacy 521
Melissa Conley Tyler and Craig Beyerinck
viii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF DIPLOMACY
43 Celebrity diplomacy 530
Mark Wheeler
44 Digital diplomacy 540
Eytan Gilboa
45 Economic diplomacy 552
Maaike Okano-Heijmans
46 Business diplomacy 564
Huub Ruël and Tim Wolters
47 Religion and diplomacy 577
David Joseph Wellman
48 Military diplomacy 591
See Seng Tan
49 Environmental diplomacy 601
Saleem H. Ali and Helena Voinov Vladich
50 Sports diplomacy 617
Stuart Murray
51 Science diplomacy 628
Daryl Copeland
52 Indigenous diplomacy 642
J. Marshall Beier
53 Pariah diplomacy 654
Hussein Banai
Index 666
List of Abstracts
1. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN DIPLOMACY – COSTAS M. CONSTANTINOU AND
PAUL SHARP
This chapter maps the evolution of diplomatic theory, within and across the discipline of
International Relations (IR). It looks at early (classical and modern) perspectives in diplomacy
as developed by orators, scholars and reflective practitioners. It also examines the perceived
neglect of diplomacy within mainstream IR theory, its contested purpose and means, whether
it is an instrument or a medium, its epistemic links to the study of foreign policy and statecraft,
and its role in the production, maintenance and transformation of international systems. It out-
lines the contributions of critical theorizing with regard to exposing the knowledge contests and
power implications of dominant understandings and practices of diplomacy, and its retrieving
of alternative, non-elitist and non-state-centric cultures and practices. Finally, it looks at theo-
retical perspectives in diplomacy as developed within other disciplines, such as anthropology,
psychology, religious and cultural studies.
2. A CONCEPTUAL HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – HALVARD LEIRA
This chapter deals with the development of the concept of diplomacy. The focus is on how a
specific understanding of diplomacy emerged and has developed over the last 250 years.
Detailing first the etymological roots, the chapter deals primarily with how diplomacy emerged
as a derogatory term during the revolutionary period, and how its meaning was immediately
challenged by revolutionaries seeking to replace the old diplomacy with a new one. Calls for
new diplomacy have been many in the ensuing centuries, but the way in which diplomacy itself
has changed content is evident in that the calls are now for reform, rather than for revolution
and/or abolishment.
3. DIPLOMACY AND THE COLONIAL ENCOUNTER – SAM OKOTH OPONDO
This chapter raises questions about modern diplomacy’s entanglements with colonial encoun-
ters and practices. Through a contrapuntal reading of the ethic of ‘the necessity for continuous
negotiations’ among other conceptions and practices of diplomacy, the chapter raises questions
about discourses on the ‘genres of man’, Eurocentrism, elitism and the statist geophilosophy
that underlines the monological conception of diplomacy as statecraft or a set of skills, norms
and rituals peculiar to professional diplomats. It also reveals the coloniality of modern diplo-
macy and the transgressive and life-affirming diplomatic practices and imaginaries that emerge
in the colonies and elsewhere.
