The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society

1969 Pages·2016·9.99 MB·English

by  Frederick F. Wherry et al. (eds.)

About the pagination of this eBook

This eBook contains a multi-volume set.

To navigate the front matter of this eBook by page number, you will
need to use the volume number and the page number, separated by a
hyphen.

For example, to go to page v of volume 1, type “1-v” in the Go box at
the bottom of the screen and click "Go."

To go to page v of volume 2, type “2-v”… and so forth.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of
ECONOMICS
AND SOCIETY
SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support
the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative
and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we
publish more than 850 journals, including those of more than
300 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and
a growing range of library products including archives, data,
case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned
by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by
a charitable trust that secures our continued independence.
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC
The SAGE Encyclopedia of
ECONOMICS
AND SOCIETY
Frederick F. Wherry
General Editor
Yale University
Juliet Schor
Consulting Editor
Boston College
1
Copyright © 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized
FOR INFORMATION: in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
SAGE Publications, Inc. system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Printed in the United States of America.
E-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard Names: Wherry, Frederick F., editor.
55 City Road
London, EC1Y 1SP Title: The SAGE encyclopedia of economics and society / Frederick F.
Wherry, editor, Juliet Schor, consulting editor.
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Description: First Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications,
Inc., 2015. | Includes index.
B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
Identifiers: LCCN 2015040606 | ISBN 9781452226439
India
(hardcover : alk. paper)
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
Subjects: LCSH: Economics—Encyclopedias. | Social policy—
3 Church Street
Encyclopedias.
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483 Classification: LCC HB61 .S17564 2015 | DDC 330.03—dc23 LC
record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040606
Acquisitions Editor: Andrew Boney
Editorial Assistant: Jordan Enobakhare
Author Manager: Joanne Steinberg
Production Editor: Jane Haenel
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez
Copy Editors: QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd.
Typesetter: Hurix Systems (P) Ltd.
Proofreaders: C aryne Brown, Jeff Bryant,
Christine Dahlin, Susa Schon
Indexer: Jay Kreider
Cover Designer: Candice Harman
Marketing Manager: Teri Williams 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Volume 1
List of Articles vii
Reader’s Guide xv
About the Editor xxiii
List of Contributors xxv
Introduction xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxix
Chronology xli
Articles
A 1 C 273
B 165
Volume 2
List of Articles vii
Reader’s Guide xv
Articles
D 541 G 757
E 595 H 835
F 661 I 899
Volume 3
List of Articles vii
Reader’s Guide xv
Articles
J 987 O 1197
K 1005 P 1239
L 1013 Q 1361
M 1057 R 1369
N 1143
Volume 4
List of Articles vii
Reader’s Guide xv
Articles
S 1431 W 1679
T 1561 X 1733
U 1635 Y 1735
V 1655
Glossary 1743
Resource Guide 1761
Index 1767
List of Articles
ABC (American Broadcasting Company) Angie’s List
Abilities Animal Spirits
Abundance and Scarcity Antiforeclosure Movement
Academy Awards Anti-Semitism and Immigration
Acceptable Risk Antisocial Behavior
Accountability Apollo Theater
Accounting, Business Arousal and Economic Evaluation
Accounting, Critical Art Auctions
Accounting, Mental Art Dealers
Accounting, Personal Art Prices
Accounting, Relational Artisanal Production
Achievement Tests Artist Communities
Acting White Arts and Culture, Economic Impact of
Actors’ Equity Association (AEA) Asset Building Movement
Adbusters Asset Holdings, Disparities by Race/Ethnicity
Adoption Assimilation
Advergaming Attention, Capture of
Advertising Age Attention Deficit Disorder
Advertising Agencies Attention Deficit Disorder in Children
Advertising Campaigns Audits
Advice Networks and Consumption Decisions Authenticity
Affirmative Action Automatic Impulse
Affluent Society, The
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) B Movies
African Immigration Babysitting
Afterlife Bail
Age Compression Banked, Fully
Age of Consent Banked, Un-
Agricultural Industry Banked, Under-
Agriculture and Food Production Bankruptcy
Alcohol Advertising Bar/Bat Mitzvah
Alcohol-Related Crime Barbie Dolls
Allowances Bargaining
Alternative Financial Services BBC (British Broadcasting Company)
Alternative Trading Associations Beliefs About Money
Altruism Benevolence
Alumni Networks Big Brothers Big Sisters
American Federation of Musicians Bitcoin
American Federation of Television and Radio Black Baptist Women’s Movement
Artists Black Power and Market Economy
vii
viii List of Articles
Black-White Achievement Gap Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Blockbusting Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
Blogs Child Labor
Blood Diamonds Child Marriage
Body Image Child Soldiers
Bollywood Child Trafficking
Book Clubs Childhood Vaccinations
Border Militia Children, Cost of Raising
Border Patrol Chinatown
Border Towns Chinese Immigration
Born Again CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program)
Borrowing, Relational Choice
Boycotts Christianity
Bracero Program Church Activism
Brand Communities Cinema Chains
Brand Equity Civil Rights Act of 1964
Brand Experience Civil Rights Movement
Brand Loyalty Civil War
Branding Cities Climate Activism
Branding National Identity Climate Denial Movement
Bretton Woods Codes of Ethics
Broadway Theater Coleman Report
Broken Windows Theory Collective Bargaining by Teachers
Brothels College Applications
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka College Debt
Buddhism Colonialism, Contemporary Effects of
Business Associations Comic Books
Business School Common Core State Standards Initiative
Common Goods (Renewable Resources)
Cable Communications Policy Act Common Morality
Cable News Common School Movement
Cable TV Communism
California Gold Rush Communism and Immigration
Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood Community Penalties
Car Clubs Compensation Principle
Career Criminals Competition
Carjacking Consumer Boycotts
Cassette Tape Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Catholic Relief Services Contingent Work
Cause Marketing Contracts
Causes of Crime Conversions, Religious
Caveat Emptor Coolhunting
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) Co-Pays
CDs (Compact Discs) Copyrights
Center for a New American Dream Corporate Boards
Cereal Boxes Corporate Campaign Contributions
Charisma Corporate Crimes
Charismatic Capitalism Corporate Culture
Charter Schools Corporate Governance
Checking Accounts Corporate Social Responsibility