The Rules of Competition in the European Economic Community: A study of the Substantive Law on a Comparative Law Basis with Special Reference to Patent Licence Agreements and Sole Distributorship Agreements

310 Pages·1965·9.57 MB·English

by  R. Graupner LL. B. (London) (auth.)

THE RULES OF COMPETITION
INTHE
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
THE RULES OF COMPETITION
IN THE
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
of
A study the Substantive Law on
a Comparative Law Basis
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
PATENT LICENCE AGREEMENTS AND
SOLE DISTRIBUTORSHIP AGREEMENTS
by
R. GRAUPNER, LL. B. (LONDON)
Solicitor in London
Member oj the Berlin Bar
11
THE HAGUE
MARTINUS N IJ HOFF
1965
ISBN 978-94-011-8709-1 ISBN 978-94-011-9542-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-9542-3
Copyright 1965 by Martinus Nijhofj. The Hague. Netherlands
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965
AU rights reserved. including the rigM to translate or 10 reproduce
Ihis book Ot' parts thereof in an" form.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table ofCases . IX
T able of Statutes XVI
A bbreviations • XXIII
Foreword . XXIX
Preface .. . XXXII
PART ONE
Preliminary Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Origin and Background of the European Cartel Law 8
The Substantive Law of Articles 85 to 91
Article 85 ............. . 9
The General Clause in Paragraph (1) 11
The Catalogue of Examples 16
Grants of Exemption. . 19
The Sanction of N ullity. . 23
Article 86 ........ . 26
The General Clause in Paragraph (1) 26
The Catalogue of Examples 30
Articles 87, 88 and 89 . . . . . . . 32
General Observations. . . . . . . 33
Exceptions to Rules of Competition 34
Enterprises outside the Community 37
Article 90 . 47
Article 91. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
PART TWO: SPECIAL AGREEMENTS
Restrictions in Connection with Patents, Registered Designs, Trade
Secrets, Trade Marks and Copyright. . . . . . . . . . 59
The Legal Position in the United States and in Germany .. 60
Simple Patent Licences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
Excursus: Effect of Antitrust Law on International Licence
Agreements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cross-licences and Patent Pools . . . . 69
Licences relating to Trade Secrets and Know-how 71
Trade Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Copyright Licences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Legal Position in the European Economic Community 80
Sole Distributorship Agreements . 91
United States of America ... . 93
Germany .......... . 100
Excursus: International Aspects 108
France ........... . 110
European Economic Community . 114
PART THREE: THE SUPRA-NATIONAL LAW OF THE EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
The Legal Nature of the European Economic Community . 135
The Hierarchy of the Norms in the Law of the E.E.C.. 139
The Law applicable by the organs ofthe E.E.C. . . . . 146
The Relation between Community Law and National Law. 147
APPENDICES
United States
Sherman Act, 1890. . . . . . . . . 155
Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 . 156
Clayton Act, 1914 . . . . . . . . . 157
Webb-Pomerene (Export Trade) Act, 1918 161
Germany
Law against Restraints of Competition, 1957 164
France
Price Ordinance No. 45-1483, 1945 . 170
Act No. 63-628, 1963 172
United Kingdom
Patents Act, 1949 . . 174
Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1956. 176
Resale Prices Act, 1964. . . . . . . 180
European Communities
Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community,
1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, 1957 195
Regulations of the Council of Ministers of the E.E.C.
Regulation No. 17 (February 6, 1962). . . . . . . . . . 205
TAßLE OF CONTENTS VII
Regulations of the Council of Ministers of the E.E.C.
Regulation No. 17 (February 6, 1962). 205
Regulation No. 26 (April 4, 1962) 215
Regulation No. 49 (June 29, 1962) . . 217
Regulation No. 59 (July 3, 1962). . . 218
Regulation No. 141 (November 26, 1962) 219
Regulation No. 118/63 E.E.C. (November 5, 1963) 220
Regulations of the Commission of the E.E.C.
Regulation No. 8 (March 11, 1960) . . . 222
Regulation No. 27 (May 3, 1962). . . . . 225
Regulation No. 153 (December21, 1962). . 227
Regulation No. 99/63 E.E.C. (July 25, 1963). 228
European Economic Community
'Practical Guide' to Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome
and the Implementing Regulations (A Manual for Firms),
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Announcement on Patent Licence Agreements, December
21/24, 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Announcement on Exclusive Agency Contracts made with
Commercial Agents, December 21/24, 1962 . . . . . . 253
Decision by the Commission of March 11, 1964 (re Grosfillex
Fillistorf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Decision by the Commission of ]uly 30, 1964 (re Nicholas
Freres-Vitapro Company (U.K.) Ltd.) . . . . 258
Decision by the Commission of September 23, 1964 (re
Grundig-Consten) . . . . . . . . . . . 261
O.E.E.C. (O.E.C.D.) Code of Liberalisation, 1960. 272
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
TABLE OF CASES
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
j udgment of August 17, 1923 ("The Wimbledon"), Publications
ofthe P.C.I.]., Series A, No. 1 (1923). . . . . . . . . . .. 136
THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
judgments
(1) February 4, 1959 Matter 1/58, Recueil, Vol. V. p. 42 .. 146, 147
(2) july 15, 1960 Matter 20/59, Recueil, Vol. VI, p. 622 .. 146,147
(3) February 16, 1960 Matter 6/60, Recueil, Vol. VI, p. 1125. 146
(4) july 13,1961 Matter 17,20/61,Recueil, Vol. VII, p. 319 146
(5) April 6, 1962 Matter 13/61 (Robert Bosch GmbH. and
another v. Kleding Verkoopbedrijf de Geus en Uitdenbogerd)
Recueil, Vol. VIII, p. 89; (1962) 1 C.M.L. Rep., p. 1 1,16, 17,24,
115, 121, 123, 142
(6) February 5, 1963 Matter 26/62 (N .V. Algemene Transport en
Expeditie Ondememing van Gend & Loos v. Netherlands
Fiscal Administration), Recueil, Vol. IX, p. 1; (1963) 2
C.M.L. Rep., p. 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142
(7) july 13, 1963 Matter 24/62, Recueil, Vol. IX, p. 129 . .. 145
(8) july 13, 1963 Matter 13/63, Recueil, Vol. IX, p. 339; (1963)
2 C.M.L. Rep., p. 289. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143
DECISIONS OF UNITED STATES COURTS
AND OF THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
(1) Alden Rochelle Inc. v. American Society of Composers,
Authors and Publishers (A.S.C.A.P.), 80 F. Supp. 888
(S.D.N.Y. 1948) ...................7 7,78
(2) Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, 74 F. Supp. 973
(S.D.N.Y. 1947); affirmed as modified 191 F. 2d 99 (2nd Cir.
1951). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
(3) Allen Bradley Co. v. Local No. 3, 325 U.S. 797 (1947) .. 12,13
(4) Aluminum Company of America v. U.S., 148 F. 2d. 416 (2d.
x TABLE OF CASES
Cir. 1945),91 F. Supp 333 (S.D.N.Y. 1950) .......4 1,42
(5) American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 213 U.S. 347
(1909) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .41,43
(6) Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader, 310 U.S. 469 (1940). . . .. 12
(7) Automatic Radio Mfg. Co. v. Hazeltine Research Inc., 339
V.S. 827 (1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
(8) Beltone Hearing Aid Co., Trade Reg. Rep. (10th ed.) par.
25397. (1955) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
(9) Bement v. National Harrow Co., 186 V.S. 70 (1902) . .. 72
(10) Bobbs-Merill Co. v. Strauss, 210 U.S. 339 (1908) . . . .. 77
(11) Boco Hall Corp. v. General Motors Corp., 124 F. 2d 822 (2d
Cir. 1942); rehearing denied 130 F. 2d, 196 (2d Cir. 1942),
cert. denied, 317 U.S. 695 (1943). . . . . . . . . . .. 97
(12) Chikago Metallic Mfg. Co. v. Edward Katzinger, 329 U.S.
394 (1947). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
(13) Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp.,
370 V.S. 690 (1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44
(14) Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park and Sons Co., 220
V.S. 373 (l911) ...................7 1,72
(15) Federal Trade Commission v. Curtis Publishing Co., 260 U.S.
568 (1923). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,94,95
(16) Foundry Services, Inc. v. Beneflux Corp., 110 F. Supp. 857
(S.D.N.Y. 1953); reversed on other grounds, 206 F. 214 (2d
Cir. 1953). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
(17) Hadey Davidson Motor Co., Dkt. 5698, Trade Reg. Rep.
(10th ed.), par. 25, 184 (1954) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
(18) Hartford-Empire Co. v. U.S., 323 U.S. 386 (1945) . . .. 70
(19) International Business Machines Corporation v. U .5., 298
V.S. 131 (l936) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
(20) International Salt Co. v. V.S., 332 U.S. 392 (1947) . . .. 63
(21) Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. V.S., 306 V.S. 208 (1939) .... 62,77
(22) Jewel Tea Co. Inc. v. Local Unions Nos. 189 etc. Amalga-
mated Meat and Butchers Workmen of North America, AFL-
CIO, et al. C.C.H. Trade Reg. Rep. (1963), 70, 713. . .. 13
(23) Klor's Inc. v. Broadway-HaIe Stores, Inc., 359 U.S. 207
(1959) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
(24) MacGregor v. Westinghouse EIectric and Mfg. Co., 329 U.S.
402 (1947). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
(25) Maico Co. Inc., Docket 5822 C.C.H. Trade Reg. Rep. (9th
ed.) par. 11,577 (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
TABLE OF CASES XI
(26) Mason City Tent Awning Co. v. Clapper, 144 F. Supp 754
(W.D.Mo. 1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86
(27) Mercoid Corp v. Midcontinent Investment Co., 320 V.S. 661
(1944) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
(28) Mercoid Corp. v. Minneapolis-Moneywell Regulator Co., 320
V.S. 680 (1944) ................ : .. 63
(29) Miles, Dr. Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co., 220 V.S.
373 (1911) ......................7 1,72
(30) Mytinger & Casselberry, nr. 29091 at 37529, C.C.H. Trade
Reg. Rep. (10th ed.) (1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
(31) Newburgh Moire Co. v. Superior Co. Inc., 237 F. 2d. 283
(1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
(32) Outboard Marine & Mfg. Co., DKT 5882 C.C.H. Trade Reg.
Rep. (9th ed.), par. 11,657 (1954) .......... , 97
(33) Pan American Airways, Inc. v. Vnited States, 371 V.S. 296
(1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
(34) Pope Mfg. Co. v. Gormully, 144 V.S. 224 (1892) . . . .. 66
(35) Revlon Products Corp., DKT. 5685 Trade Reg. Rep. (10th
ed.) par. 25, 184 (1954) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
(36) Richfield Oil Corp. v. Vnited States, 343 V.S. 922 (1952). 96
(37) Scandinavia Belting Co. v. Asbestos & Rubber Works, 257
Fed. 937 2d Cir. 1919; cert. denied, 250 V.S. 644 (1919). .. 74
(38) Scott Paper Co. v. Marcalus Mfg. Co., 326 V.S. 249 (1945). 66
(39) Sola Electric Co. v. Jefferson Electric Co., 317 V.S. (1942). 66
(40) Standard Fashion Co. v. Margrane-Houston Co., 258 V.S.
346 (1922). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94, 95
(41) Standard Oil Co. of California and Standard Stations, Inc.
v. Vnited States, 337 V.S. 293 (1949) .......... 18,96
(42) Standard Oil Company (Indiana) v. V.S., 283 V.S. 163 (1931) 69, 70
(43) Standard Oil Co. ofNew Jerseyv. V.S., 221 V.S. 1 (1911) 21,22,31
(44) Steele v. Bulova Watch Co., 344 V.S. 280 (1952). . . .. 41
(45) Strauss v. American Publishers' Association, 231 V.S. 222
(1913) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
(46) Sturges v. Clark D. Pease Inc., 48 F. 2d 1035 (2d Cir. 1931) 74
(47) Theatre Enterprises Inc. v. Paramount Film Distributing
Corpn., 346 V.S. 537 (1954) . . . . . . . . . . 77
(48) Thomas v. Sutherland, 52 F. 2d 592 (3d Cir. 1931) . . 72
(49) Thomson v. Cayser, 243 V.S. 66 (1917) . . . . . . . 41
(50) Timken Roller Bearing Co. v. V.S., 341 V.S. 593 (1951) . 41
(51) Transparent Wrap Machine Corp. v. Stokes & Smith, 329
XII TABLE OF CASES
V.S. 637 (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
(52) Vnited Shoe Machinery Corp. v. Vnited States, 247 V.S. 32
(1918) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
(53) Vnited Shoe Machinery Corp. v. Vnited States, 258 V.S. 451
(1922) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
(54) V.S. v. Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), 148 F. 2d.
416 (2d Cir. 1945),91 F. Supp. 333 (S.D.N.Y. 1950) .. .41,42
(55) V.S. V. American Society of Composers, Authors and
Publishers (A.S.C.A.P.), 80 F. Supp. 900 (S.D.N.Y. 1948). 78
(56) V.S. V. American Society of Composers, Authors and
Publishers (A.S.C.A.P.), S.D.N.Y. 1950, 1950-1951 Trade
Cases nrs. 62.595. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
(57) V.S. V. American Tobacco Co., 221 V.S. 106 (1911). . .. 31
(58) V.S. V. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., 321 V.S. 707 (1944) .. 97
(59) V.S. V. Bayer Co., Inc., 135 F. Supp. 65 (S.D.N.Y. 1955) .. 74
(60) V.S. V. Dupont Nemours & Co., 188 Fed. 127 (C.C.D. Del)
(1911) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
(61) V.S. V. E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 118 F. Supp. (D.
DeI. 1954), affirmed 351 V.S. 377 (1956) .........2 9,72
(62) V.S. V. General Dyestuff Corp., 57 F. Supp. 642 (S.D.N.Y.
1944). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
(63) V.S. v. General Electric Co., 272 V.S. 476 (1926). .62,72,94,95
(64) V.S. v. General Electric Co., 80 F. Supp. 989 (S.D.N.Y. 1948)
(Carboloy case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 70, 95
(65) V.S. V. General Electric Co., 82 F. Supp. 753 (D.N.]. 1949)
41,65,72,75,82,94
(66) V.S. V. Guerlain, Inc., Civ. 93-267, S.D.N.Y. (1954), CCH
1954 Trade Reg. Rep. No. 66, 128 . . . . . . . . . .. 74
(67) V.S. v. Holophane Co. Inc., 119 F. Supp. 114 (S.D. Ohio,
1954), affirmed 352 V.S. 903 (1956). . . . . . . . . .. 41
(68) V.S. v. Hutcheson, 312 V.S. 219 (1941). . . . . . . .. 12
(69) V.S. v. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, 100 F. Supp.
504 (S.D.N.Y. 1951); F. Supp. 215 (1952) ...... 41,42,70
(70) V.S. v. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 105 F. Supp. 215
(S.D.N.Y. 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
(71) V.S. v. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Opinion on Relief,
105 F. Supp. 215 (S.D.N.Y. 1952) . . . . . . . . . .. 113
(72) V.S. v. ]errold Electronics Corp., 187 F. Supp. 545 (E.D.
Pa. 1960), affirmedper curiam, 365 V.S. 567 (1961) .... 18,19
(73) V.S. v. Keystone Watch Co., 218 Fed. 502 (E.D. Pa. 1915) 99