Table Of ContentTHE ROUTLEDGE INTERNATIONAL
HANDBOOK OF UNIVERSITIES, SECURITY
AND INTELLIGENCE STUDIES
In an era of intensified international terror, universities have been increasingly drawn into an arena
of locating, monitoring and preventing such threats, forcing them into often covert relationships with
the security and intelligence agencies. With case studies from across the world, the Routledge Interna-
tional Handbook of Universities, Security and Intelligence Studies provides a comparative, in-depth analysis
of the historical and contemporary relationships between global universities, national security and
intelligence agencies.
Written by leading international experts and from multidisciplinary perspectives, the Routledge
International Handbook of Universities, Security and Intelligence Studies provides theoretical, methodological
and empirical definition to academic, scholarly and research enquiry at the interface of higher educa-
tion, security and intelligence studies.
Divided into eight sections, the Handbook explores themes such as:
• the intellectual frame for our understanding of the university-security-intelligence network;
• historical, contemporary and future-looking interactions from across the globe;
• accounts of individuals who represent the broader landscape between universities and the security
and intelligence agencies;
• the reciprocal interplay of personnel from universities to the security and intelligence agencies
and vice versa;
• the practical goals of scholarship, research and teaching of security and intelligence both from
within universities and the agencies themselves;
• terrorism research as an important dimension of security and intelligence within and beyond
universities;
• the implication of security and intelligence in diplomacy, journalism and as an element of public
policy;
• the extent to which security and intelligence practice, research and study far exceed the tradi-
tional remit of commonly held notions of security and intelligence.
Bringing together a unique blend of leading academic and practitioner authorities on security and
intelligence, the Routledge International Handbook of Universities, Security and Intelligence Studies is an essential
and authoritative guide for researchers and policymakers looking to understand the relationship between
universities, the security services and the intelligence community.
Liam Francis Gearon is Senior Research Fellow at Harris Manchester College, and Associate
Professor at the Department of Education, University of Oxford, UK. He is also Conjoint Professor at
the University of Newcastle, Australia.
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THE ROUTLEDGE
INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK
OF UNIVERSITIES, SECURITY
AND INTELLIGENCE STUDIES
Edited by Liam Francis Gearon
First published 2020
by Routledge
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CONTENTS
Contributors ix
Introduction 1
Liam Francis Gearon
PART I
Universities, security and intelligence studies: an academic
cartography 5
1 The university-security-intelligence nexus: four domains 7
Liam Francis Gearon
PART II
Universities, security, intelligence: national contexts,
international settings 79
2 American universities, the CIA, and the teaching of national
security intelligence 81
Loch K. Johnson
3 The FBI, cybersecurity and American campuses: academia,
government, and industry as allies in cybersecurity effectiveness 94
Kevin Powers and James Burns
4 ‘What was needed were copyists, filers, and really intelligent men of
capacity’: British signals intelligence and the universities, 1914–1992 108
John R. Ferris
v
Contents
5 Datafication and universities: the Convergence of spies,
scholars and science 118
Richard J. Aldrich and Melina J. Dobson
6 The relationship between intelligence and the academy in Canada 130
Angela Gendron
7 ‘I would remind you that NATO is not a university’: navigating the
challenges and legacy of NATO economic intelligence 145
Adrian Kendry
8 Understanding the relationships between academia and national
security intelligence in the European context 156
Rubén Arcos
9 The German foreign intelligence agency (BND): publicly
addressing a clandestine history 168
Bodo V. Hechelhammer
10 The figure of the traitor in the chekist cosmology 178
Julie Fedor
11 How Russia trains its spies: the past and present of Russian
intelligence education 187
Filip Kovacevic
12 The Chinese intelligence service 196
Nigel Inkster
PART III
Espionage and the academy: spy stories 209
13 The Cambridge spy ring: the mystery of Wilfrid Mann 211
Andrew Lownie
14 John Gordon Coates PhD DSO (1918–2006): conscientious objector,
interrogator, intelligence officer, commando, saboteur, spy…academic 216
Paddy Hayes
PART IV
Spies, scholars and the study of intelligence 229
15 The Oxford intelligence group 231
Gwilym Hughes
vi
Contents
16 A missing dimension no longer: intelligence studies, Professor
Christopher Andrew, and the University of Cambridge 243
Daniel Larsen
PART V
University security and intelligence studies: research and
scholarship, teaching and ethics 251
17 What do we teach when we teach intelligence ethics? 253
David Omand and Mark Phythian
18 Secret and ethically sensitive research 265
Joanna Kidd
19 Intelligent studies: degrees in intelligence and the intelligence community 272
Scott Parsons
20 Experimenting with intelligence education: overcoming design
challenges in multidisciplinary intelligence analysis programmes 287
Stephen Marrin and Sophie Cienski
PART VI
Security, intelligence, and securitisation theory: comparative
and international terrorism research 301
21 The epistemologies of terrorism and counterterrorism research 303
Quassim Cassam
22 Dynamics of securitization: an analysis of universities’ engagement
with the prevent legislation 312
Lynn Schneider
23 Intelligence and the management of radicalisation and extremism
in universities in Asia and Africa 326
David Johnson
PART VII
Universities, security and secret intelligence: diplomatic,
journalistic and policy perspectives 341
24 Between Lucky Jim and George Smiley: the public policy role
of intelligence scholars 343
Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman
vii
Contents
25 But what do you want it for? secret intelligence and the foreign
policy practitioner 352
Claire Smith
26 Intelligence recruitment in 1945 and ‘Peculiar Personal Characteristics’ 362
Michael Herman
27 ‘Men of the Professor Type’ revisited: building a partnership
between academic research and national security 368
Tristram Riley-Smith
28 Open source intelligence: academic research, journalism or spying? 383
Chris Westcott
29 Overkill: why universities modelling the impact of nuclear war in the
1980s could not change the views of the security state 394
John Preston
PART VIII
Universities, security and intelligence: disciplinary lenses
of the arts, literature and humanities 403
30 The art(s and humanities) of security: a broader approach
to countering security threats 405
Andrew Glazzard
31 Dispelling the myths: academic studies, intelligence and
historical research 414
Helen Fry
32 Stalin’s library 424
Svetlana Lokhova
33 A landscape of lies in the land of letters: the literary cartography of
security and intelligence 435
Liam Francis Gearon
Supplementary national security and intelligence – outreach,
commentary, critique: a global survey of official, policy and
academic sources 453
Liam Francis Gearon
Index 525
viii
CONTRIBUTORS
Richard J. Aldrich is a Leverhulme Major Research Fellow and a Professor of International
Security at the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of W arwick. He
is the author of several books including The Black Door (2015), with Rory Cormac, and
GCHQ (2nd ed. 2019). His recent work has appeared in International Affairs, Political Studies
and West European Politics.
Rubén Arcos is a lecturer in communication sciences and director of the postgraduate
course of Specialist in Strategic Communication, Hybrid Threats, and Security at Rey Juan
Carlos University in Madrid. He is founding co-director of IntelHub, a joint initiative be-
tween the American Public University System, the University of Leicester in the UK and
Rey Juan Carlos University in Spain. Arcos is the founder and chapter chair of the Asso-
ciation of Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) for Spain. He is a
freelance contributor to Jane’s Intelligence Review and deputy editor of The International
Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs. He served for almost ten years as instructor
and coordinating director of the first ever Master’s degree in Intelligence Analysis in Spain.
Dr. Arcos has published extensively on intelligence studies, strategic communications and
experiential learning in intelligence through simulations and games.
He was appointed national member of NATO Task Group SAS-114 on ‘Assessment
and Communication of Uncertainty in Intelligence to Support Decision-Making’. His lat-
est books are The Art of Intelligence: More Simulations, Exercises, and Games (co-edited with
William J. Lahneman) and Intelligence Communication in the Digital Era: Transforming Security,
Defence and Business (co-edited with Randolph H. Pherson).
James P. Burns is the 14th President of Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota. He joined
Saint Mary’s after eight years at Boston College in administration. At Boston College, he
led the Woods College of Advancing Studies and Summer Session as Dean, where amongst
other programmes he inaugurated the Master of Science in Cybersecurity Policy and Gov-
ernance. He has an academic background in ethics, leadership, law and policy, as well as
developmental psychology, assessment and testing. He was also an Associate Professor in the
Counselling Psychology Department in the Lynch School of Education at BC.
ix
