The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics (Routledge Companions)

297 Pages·2006·1.95 MB·English

by  Carmen Llamas

T R C
HE OUTLEDGE OMPANION
S
TO OCIOLINGUISTICS
Have you ever noticed an accent or puzzled over a dialect phrase? Language can
be a powerful tool with which one can create a persona; it can be a common ground
between people or can be used as a divide between social groups. This Companion
is for anyone who is interested in how and why people speak and write with such
diversity.
The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics includes articles by leading
scholars in the field on:
• Methods of observation and analysis
• Social correlates
• Socio-psychological factors
• Socio-political factors
• Language change.
They are followed by a glossary of terms with references and an index. The
Routledge Companion to Sociolinguisticsopens up the discipline to the newcomer
and provides a useful reference guide for the more advanced sociolinguist.
Dr Carmen Llamas lectures at the University of Aberdeen. She is co-editing
with Dominic Watt and Judy Dyer an edited collection, Language and Identity
(forthcoming 2007). Dr Louise Mullany is a lecturer and academic at the
University of Nottingham. She has published Gendered Discourse in the
Professional Workplace (2007). Professor Peter Stockwell lectures at the
University of Nottingham and has published Sociolinguistics(Routledge, 2002)
andLanguage in Theory(Routledge, 2005).
Also available from Routledge
Language: the Basics(second edition)
R.L. Trask
0–415–34019–5
Semiotics: the Basics(second edition)
Daniel Chandler
0–415–36375–6
Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics
R.L. Trask
0–415–15742–0
Psycholinguistics: the Key Concepts
John Field
0–415–25891–X
The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies
Michael Pearce
0–415–35172–3
The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics
Paul Cobley
0–415–24314–9
T R C
HE OUTLEDGE OMPANION
S
TO OCIOLINGUISTICS
Edited by
Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany
and Peter Stockwell
First published 2007
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2007 Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Llamas, Carmen.
The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics / Carmen Llamas,
Louise Mullany, and Peter Stockwell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–415–33849–2 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 0–415–33850–6
(pbk.: alk. paper) — ISBN 0–203–44149–4 (ebook)
1. Sociolinguistics—Dictionaries. I. Mullany, Louise.
II. Stockwell, Peter. III. Title.
P40.L59 2006
306.4403—dc22
2006011286
ISBN 0–415–33849–2 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–33850–6 (pbk)
ISBN: 0–203–44149–4 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–33849–3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–33850–9 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–44149–7 (ebk)
C
ONTENTS
List of illustrations and tables vii
Notes on the contributors ix
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction
CARMEN LLAMAS, LOUISE MULLANY AND PETER STOCKWELL xv
Part I Methods of observation and analysis 1
1 Variation and the variable
DOMINIC WATT 3
2 Field methods
CARMEN LLAMAS 12
3 Techniques of analysis (I) Phonological variation
MATTHEW GORDON 19
4 Techniques of analysis (II) Morphosyntactic variation
JENNIFER SMITH 28
5 Techniques of analysis (III) Discourse
MARK GARNER 41
Part II Social correlates 49
6 Social class
PAUL KERSWILL 51
7 Gender
JENNIFER COATES 62
8 Age
CARMEN LLAMAS 69
9 Ethnic varieties
WALT WOLFRAM 77
10 Speech communities
LOUISE MULLANY 84
v
CONTENTS
Part III Socio-psychological factors 93
11 Style and the linguistic repertoire
ALLAN BELL 95
12 Language and identity
JUDY DYER 101
13 Mobility, contact and accommodation
PETER AUER 109
14 Language attitudes
PETER GARRETT 116
15 Politeness and power
SANDRA HARRIS 122
Part IV Socio-political factors 131
16 The ideology of the standard language
JAMES MILROY 133
17 The influence of the media
JANE STUART-SMITH 140
18 Multilingualism
SUSAN GAL 149
19 Language and education
JANET MAYBIN 157
20 Language policy and language planning
SUE WRIGHT 164
Part V Language change 173
21 Creoles and pidgins
SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE 175
22 Koineization
DONALD N. TUTEN 185
23 Colonial and postcolonial varieties
BARBARA A. FENNELL 192
24 Language death
DIANE NELSON 199
Glossary 205
References 235
Index 262
vi
L
IST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
AND TABLES
ILLUSTRATIONS
The International Phonetic Alphabet xix
1.1 Non-rhoticity among twenty Berwick English-speakers 9
1.2 Phonetic variants of (r) in pre- and intervocalic positions (pooled)
in Berwick English 9
2.1 Example of completed Sense Relation Network sheet 17
3.1 Spectrogram and Waveform 23
3.2 F1 and F2 plot of a male speaker’s vowel space 24
4.1 Use of forms for deontic modality across eight communities 37
6.1 Rhoticity in various speech styles 55
6.2 Percentage use of non-standard forms of three consonantal
variables among adolescents in Milton Keynes and Reading 56
6.3 Non-standard grammatical features used by working-class
adolescents in Milton Keynes and Reading 57
6.4 Percentage of discourse-new bare noun phrases (relative to all
discourse-new noun phrases) by gender and social class 59
8.1 U-curve pattern of distribution as found in sociolinguistic
variables not undergoing change 74
8.2 Use of glottalized (p) and (k) among male speakers 74
8.3 Use of fronted forms of (th) and (dh) by male speakers 75
17.1 Attitudes to London accents 145
17.2 Indices of phonetic alteration in response to the informal
imitation task 147
21.1 Geographical distribution of creoles and pidgins ‘lexified’by
Western European languages 178
TABLES
4.1 Overall distribution of wasinwere 33
4.2 Overall distribution of variants of deontic modality 34
4.3 Overall distribution of for to infinitive 34
4.4 Overall distribution of wasinwereby age 35
4.5 Distribution of wasinwereby subject type 36
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
4.6 Variable rule analysis of the contribution of speaker sex,
grammatical person and content of the quote to the probability
of the be likequotative 38
4.7 Variable rule analysis of the contribution of factors to the
probability of wasinwerecontexts in Buckie 39
6.1 The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification analytical
classes 54
6.2 Linguistic differences related to class in Western societies 60
13.1 Levels of accommodation across integration type 113
17.1 Results of linear regression for the dependent variable 146
viii
N
OTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS
Peter Auer holds a Chair in German linguistics at the University of Freiburg,
Germany. He has done extensive research on bilingualism and sociolinguistics,
on phonology and dialectology, and on interaction and spoken syntax. He has
authored and co-edited a number of books and has published widely in linguistic
journals and edited volumes.
Allan Bell is Professor of Language and Communication and Director of the
Centre for Communication Research at Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand. He has published many papers, and authored or co-edited
five books. He is co-founder and editor of the international Journal of
Sociolinguistics.
Jennifer Coatesis Professor of English Language and Linguistics at Roehampton
University, UK. Her published work includes Women, Men and Language
(third edition 2004), Women Talk (1996), Language and Gender: A Reader
(1998) and Men Talk(2003). She was made a Fellow of the English Association
in 2002.
Judy Dyer is a Lecturer at the English Language Institute at the University
of Michigan, USA. Her main areas of research are identity and dialect acquisi-
tion, bidialectalism and dialect contact, and she has published widely in these
areas.
Barbara A.Fennellis a Senior Lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, UK. Recent
books include A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach (2001) and
Language, Literature and the Negotiation of Identity: Foreign Worker German
in the Federal Republic of Germany(1997). She has written numerous papers
on these research topics and is working on a book on Language and
Colonialism.
Susan Gal is the Mae and Sidney G. Metzl Distinguished Service Professor of
Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Chicago, USA. She is the author
ofLanguage Shift(1979), co-author of Politics of Gender after Socialism(2000)
and co-editor of Languages and Publics: The Making of Authority(2001). Her
research focuses on multilingualism, the political economy of language,
linguistic nationalism, and political rhetoric, especially in the transformation of
contemporary Europe.
ix