The road from Kyoto : current CO and transport policies in the IEA.

172 Pages·2000·1.05 MB·English

by  OECD

FTkyoto ok 19/10/00 11:39 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY
THE ROAD
FROM KYOTO
Current CO
2
and Transport Policies
in the IEA
gardekyoto ok 19/10/00 11:41 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY
THE ROAD
FROM KYOTO
Current CO
2
and Transport Policies
in the IEA
Foreword
FOREWORD
Transport accounts for almost a third of total final energy consumption
in IEA countries, and 80% of that amount is in the form of road
transport. Cars and trucks will be the principal source of carbon dioxide
emissions in the foreseeable future. The central role of transport in
economic activity and its pervasive influence on every day life make it
complex and politically difficult to change. CO emissions are just one of
2
many policy concerns, such as safety, urban quality, local air pollution,
noise and congestion, that transport raises. Government at many levels —
local, regional and national — deals with fuel taxation, urban and
regional planning, transport infrastructure investments and public
transport. These activities need to be co-ordinated to achieve an effective
transport policy in relation to oil security and climate change.
“The Road from Kyoto” reviews and offers insights into how governments
are grappling with the complexity of transport and CO policy making. It
2
examines the transport sector from the perspective of the emissions
reduction commitments made under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. It
identifies the components of transport that affect CO emissions and
2
details policies that contribute to emissions reduction. It presents
detailed accounts of the current and future situation in six IEA countries
— Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, as
well as the European Union as a whole and the United States. Policies
and measures directly targeting CO reduction, as well as those that have
2
an indirect impact on climate change in these six countries, are reviewed.
Finally, the lessons learned in each country are discussed.
Robert Priddle
Executive Director
3

Acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report is part of a series of forthcoming IEA publications addressing
domestic policies and measures to reduce CO emissions. A short report
2
focusing on emission reduction opportunities from fuel economy
improvement will be available in November 2000, and a full-length book
covering a wide range of transportation policies and measures will be
published early in 2001.
This publication is a joint effort of two divisions of the Office of Energy
Efficiency, Technology and R&D under the direction of Hans-Jørgen Koch:
the Energy Efficiency Policy Analysis Division and the Energy Technology
Policy Division. This work has been supervised by Carmen Difiglio. The
main contributors to this study are Lee Schipper, Céline Marie, Lew
Fulton, Michael Landwehr and Roger Gorham (now with the World Bank).
They are grateful for discussions with many national experts and for their
helpful co-operation in providing and verifying factual information.
Preparation of the manuscript was the responsibility of Céline Marie, with
the editing assistance of Bill Maly and Scott Sullivan. The production
assistance of Corinne Hayworth and Muriel Custodio added significantly
to the material presented.
5

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transport in the Framework of the Kyoto Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Linking Energy, Transport, and Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Purpose of this Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 1: The CO Problem — The Policy Imperative
2
after Kyoto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Trends in CO Emissions from Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2
Where to Look for CO Savings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2
CO Reductions in the Context of Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2
Chapter 2: Analysing Policies to Reduce Carbon Emissions 21
Linking Transport with the Environment and CO :
2
the Decomposition Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Policy Categorisation in the Decomposition Framework. . . . . . . . . 27
Other Important Aspects of Policy Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 3: Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7
Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 5: The Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chapter 6: Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 7: The United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chapter 8: European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
8
Table of Contents
Chapter 9: The United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Evolution of Transport-CO Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2
Selected Transport-CO Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Ingredients for Successful Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
The Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9