Table Of ContentThe
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 9
Hypersensitivity
The Reticuloendothelial System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
General Editors:
Herman Friedman, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
Mario R. Escobar, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
and
Sherwood M. Reichard, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
MORPHOLOGY
Edited by Ian Carr and W. T. Daems
BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM
Edited by Anthony J. Sbarra and Robert R. Strauss
PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY
Edited by Nicholas Cohen and M. Michael Sigel
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Edited by Noel R. Rose and Benjamin V. Siegel
CANCER
Edited by Ronald B. Herberman and Herman Friedman
IMMUNOLOGY
Edited by Joseph A. Bellanti and Herbert B. Herscowitz
PHYSIOLOGY (In two parts)
Edited by Sherwood M. Reichard and James P. Filkins
PHARMACOLOGY
Edited by John Hadden and Andor Szentivanyi
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Edited by S. Michael Phillips and Mario R. Escobar
INFECTION
Edited by John P. Utz and Mario R. Escobar
The
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 9
Hypersensitivity
Edited by
S. MICHAEL PHILLIPS
The University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and
MARIO R. ESCOBAR
Medical College of Virginia
Richmond, Virginia
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 9)
The Reticuloendothelial system.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Morphology-v. 2. Biochemistry and metabolism-[etc.]-v. 9. Hypersen
sitivity.
I. Reticuloendothelial system-Collected works. 2. Macrophages-Collected works. I.
Friedman, Herman, 1931- . II. Reichard, Sherwood M. [DNLM: I. Reticuloendothelial
system. WH650 R437]
QPII 5.R47 599'.029 79-25933
ISBN 978-1-4684-5160-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-5158-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-5158-0
©1986 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1986
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
PHILIP W. ASKENASE • Department of Medicine, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
MICHAEL K. BACH • Department of Hypersensitivity Diseases Research, The
Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan
ANDRE CAPRON • Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, INSERM
U-167, CNRS 624, Institut Pasteur, Lille Cedex, France
MICHAEL D. CLAYMAN • Renal Electrolyte Section, Department of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MARION C. COHEN • Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut
Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
STANLEY COHEN • Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut
Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
JEAN-PAUL DESSAINT • Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, IN
SERM U-167, CNRS 624, Institut Pasteur, Lille Cedex, France
RICHARD L. EDWARDS • Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut
School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, and the Veterans Admin
istration Medical Center, Newington, Connecticut
VEETA A. EWAN • Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, and the Veterans Administration
Medical Center, Newington, Connecticut
STEPHEN J. GALLI • Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Har
vard Medical School, and the Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth
Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
CARL S. GOLDSTEIN • Renal Electrolyte Section, Department of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
JANICE K. GUTOWSKI • Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut
Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
JUDITH HEAD • Departments of Cell Biology, Pathology, and Internal Medi
cine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas
MICHEL D. KAzATCHKINE • INSERM U-28 and Unite d'Immunopathologie,
Hopital Broussais, Paris, France
JAMES W. KAzURA • Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Medi
cine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Cleve
land, Ohio
ANTHONY KULCZYCKI, JR. • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Al
lergy and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, Missouri
GRAHAM F. MITCHELL • Immunoparasitology Unit, The Walter and Eliza Hall
Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
ERIC G. NEILSON • Renal Electrolyte Section, Department of Medicine, Uni
versity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
URS E. NYDEGGER • Central Hematology Laboratory Inselspital, Bern,
Switzerland
FREDERICK R. RICKLES • Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut
School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, and the Veterans Admin
istration Medical Center, Newington, Connecticut
MICHAEL R. SIMON • Medical and Research Services, Veterans Administra
tion Medical Center, Allen Park, Michigan, and Department of Medicine,
Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
JOAN STEIN-STREILEIN • Departments of Cell Biology, Pathology, and Internal
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas
CONTRIBUTORS vii
J. WAYNE STREILEIN • Departments of Cell Biology, Pathology, and Internal
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas
LEON WEISS • Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Cell Biology, Uni
versity of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
PAUL R. WOOD • Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia
BURTON ZWEIMAN • Allergy and Immunology Section, University of Pennsyl
vania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Foreword
This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly
shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio
medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells
and molecular moieties derived from those cells which constitute the RES. It
may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of
what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular sys
tem. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in
the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to
present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con
cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny
and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including
immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It
is anticipated that, by presenting information concerning these apparently het
erogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES, attention will be
focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut
ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and
their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol
umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task
undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially
by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloen
dothelial Societies. The assistance, cooperation, and great support from the
editorial staff of Plenum Press are also valued greatly. It is hoped that this
unique treatise, the first to offer a fully comprehensive treatment of our knowl
edge concerning the RES, will provide a unified framework for evaluating what
is known and what still has to be investigated in this actively growing field. The
various volumes of this treatise provide extensive in-depth and integrated infor
mation on classical as well as experimental aspects of the RES. It is expected that
these volumes will serve as a major reference for day-to-day examination of
various subjects dealing with the RES from many different viewpoints.
Herman Friedman
Mario R. Escobar
Sherwood M. Reichard
ix
Preface
All of the immunologic phenomena observed by the end of the 19th century
supported the view that they were related to defense mechanisms of the host.
This view was, however, being disputed by experimental tests which brought
about a short period of confusion. Karl Landsteiner's findings and, especially,
the discovery of anaphylaxis by Charles Richet and Paul Portier in 1902 heralded
in the very beginning of this century the birth of the domain which we now call
Hypersensitivity. This triggered a series of clinical investigations which, not
infrequently, generated a number of misconceptions. However, the crescendo of
progress that has ensued in the general field of immunology during the last 25
years has brought forth new understanding and pragmatic approaches to the
patient with allergic disease. Indeed, one working in the field of immunology
senses a major revolution of immunobiologic thinking, much of which has rele
vance to the area of Hypersensitivity.
In the present volume of this comprehensive treatise on the Reticuloen
dothelial System (RES) we strive to bring together relevant contributions from
experts in the field. The further understanding of those mechanisms that have
been elucidated by in vitro experiments and the use of appropriate animal mod
els, has in numerous instances paved the way towards a better interpretation of
results from human studies and has reached the point of clinical application.
Dr. Weiss, in the first chapter of this volume, reviews the numerous ac
tivities of the hematopoietic system, which include diverse migratory pathways,
cell sorting, cell recognition, cell differentiation, and cell functions. These ac
tivities require a complex regulation at every level of organization and function.
Dr. Zweiman elaborates on the leukocyte-vascular endothelium interactions
which are important to the understanding of the circulation of leukocytes and
their role in localized immune and inflammatory responses. Drs. Streilein, Stein
Streilein, and Head show how the so-called regional spheres of immunologic
influence, including the gastrointestinal, skin, lung, and reproductive systems,
may prove to be crucial to our understanding of specific types of immune reac
tions and the pathogenesis of certain human inflammatory disorders. These first
three chapters permitted tracing the origin and fate of various constituents of the
RES in terms of structural distribution.
Dr. Kukzycki describes the role of the IgE receptor in the release and/or
production of mediators from mast cells, and basophils, and Fc receptors of high
and lower affinity, and/or less specificity for IgE. Drs. Dessaint and Capron
lucidly present their own in vitro experiments on anaphylactic antibody-depen-
Xl
XII PREFACE
dent eosinophil or macrophage cytotoxicity as they relate to receptor-mediated
mechanisms of activation. These observations were made not only in human
and experimental schistosomiasis, but also in several models of experimental
filariasis. Confirmation was obtained by the direct evidence of the in vivo rele
vance of anaphylactic antibodies complexed to parasite antigens. They show
how the interaction of phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages and eosinophils) with
anaphylactic antibodies in human defense against helminth parasites, reveals
that anaphylactic antibodies in the form of immune complexes, besides their
well-known function in immediate hypersensitivity, can also have an alternate
function in protective immunity. Dr. Simon recounts the multiplicity of immu
nologic abnormalities associated with specific human allergic diseases and their
relation to mediators of immediate hypersensitivity. Dr. Kazatchkine and
Nydegger expand the concept of immune complexes and other effector compo
nents through an examination of mechanisms of complement activation. These
authors discuss effector events both in the circulation and at the site of the
tissue lesion. Dr. Kazura addresses another aspect of effector function, effector
cells and antibody classes participating in antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity reactions (ADCC) and potential clinical applications. Drs. Cohen,
Gutowski, and Cohen discuss the multiple biological properties of the inflam
matory lymphokines both in vitro and in vivo. Drs. Edwards, Ewan, and Rickles
highlight the importance of coagulation in inflammation with particular refer
ence to monocyte/macrophage pro coagulants (PCA's) and their regulation. This
regulation is dependent upon a complex network of interacting pathways. Dr.
Bach reviews the areas of active research involving the leukotrienes and their
role in human disease. Drs. Galli and Askenase focus on the current under
standing of the mechanisms regulating the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity
(CBH) and other delayed onset reactions containing large numbers of basophils.
In this connection, they present a valid argument for the need to reassess the
nomenclature of CBH.
The topics which we have introduced above have dealt mainly with the
cellular components and the specific release of mediators of hypersensitivity
reactions, their distribution, role and mechanisms of action, as well as their
interactions. The last two chapters address some of the biochemical conse
quences of these interactions. Drs. Clayman, Goldstein, and Neilson review the
role which immunogenetics, the RES, and the cellular influence on the develop
ment of antigen-recognition and immunoregulation have in renal injury. They
consider events associated with responses to antigens of both renal and non
renal origin. Finally, Drs. Mitchell and Wood deal with the extracellular mac
rophage-related events in the immunology of parasitism. They emphasize the
role of the macrophage in, or from, parasitized hosts as a regulator of anti
parasite immune responses and as an effector cell of host resistance involving
mediator release. They present their studies pertaining to the immunoregulatory
role of parasitized macrophages in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis and examine
the role of macrophage products in the control of infection with plasmodia and
related intraerythrocytic protozoa.
In creating this volume we realized that the subject matter was somewhat
