Table Of ContentThe
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 78
Physiology
The Reticuloendothelial System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
General Editors:
Herman Friedman, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
Mario Escobar, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
and
Sherwood M. Reichard, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
MORPHOLOGY
Edited by Ian Carr and W. T. Daems
BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM
Edited by Anthony J. Sbarra and Robert R. Strauss
PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY
Edited by Nicholas Cohen and M. Michael Sigel
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Edited by Noel R. Rose and Benjamin V. Siegel
CANCER
Edited by Herman Friedman and Ronald B. Herberman
IMMUNOLOGY
Edited by Joseph A. Bellanti and Herbert B. Herscowitz
PHYSIOLOGY (In two parts)
Edited by Sherwood M. Reichard and James P. Filkins
PHARMACOLOGY
Edited by John Hadden, Jack R. Battisto, and Andor Szentivanyi
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Edited by S. Michael Phillips and Peter Abramoff
INFECTION
Edited by John P. Utz and Mario R. Escobar
The
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 7B
Physiology
Edited by
SHERWOOD M. REICHARD
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, Georgia
and
JAMES P. FILKINS
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood, Illinois
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Reticuloendothelial system.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
CONTENTS: v. 1. Carr, I., Daems, W. T., and Lobo, A. Morphology.-v. 2.
Biochemistry and metabolism-[etc.]-v. 7. Reichard, S. M. and Filkins, J. P.
Physiology.
1. Reticulo-endothelial system. 2. Macrophages. I. Friedman, Herman, 1931-
II. Escobar, Mario E. III. Reichard, Sherwood M. [DNLM: 1. Reticuloendothelial sys
tem. WH650 R437]
QP115.R47 591.2'95 79-25933
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9441-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2353-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2353-2
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
Soll:cover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
BURTON M. ALTURA • Department of Physiology, State University of New York,
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
MARCO BAGGIOLINI • Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
HARRY A. BERNHEIM • Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford,
Massachusetts
L. JOE BERRY • Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas, Austin,
Texas
R. J. BONNEY • Departments of Immunology and Infla,mmation, Merck Sharp
and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
JOHN W. B. BRADFIELD • Department of Pathology, University of Bristol, Bristol,
England
JOSEPH D. BRAIN • Department of Environmental Science and Physiology, Har
vard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
JULIA W. BUCHANAN • Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medi
cal Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
HARVEY R. COLTEN • Division of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Chil
dren's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
P. DAVIES • Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Merck Sharp and
Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
LOIS B. EpSTEIN • Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Uni
versity of California, San Francisco, California
R. ALAN B. EZEKOWITZ • Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, England
K. B. P. FLEMMING • Institute of Biophysics and Radiobiology, University of
Freiburg, Freiburg, West Germany
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
SIAMON GORDON • Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Ox
ford, Oxford, England
G. HORPACSY • Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Cologne, Co
logne, West Germany
J. L. HUMES • Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Merck Sharp
and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
RALPH F. KAMPSCHMIDT • Biomedical Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble
Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma
F. A. KUEHL, JR. • Department of Biochemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Re
search Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
HEINRICH LIEHR • Medical Department I, Academic Hospital, Saarbriicken
Winterberg, West Germany
DAVID O. LUCAS • Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Univer
sity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
ROGER H. MITCHELL • Biomedical Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Founda
tion, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma
ROBERT N. MOORE • Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee
JOHN W. REBUCK • Department of Pathology, The Henry Ford Hospital, De
troit, Michigan
ANDY C. REESE • Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical College of
Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
SHERWOOD M. REICHARD • Departments of Radiology and Physiology, Medical
College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
THOMAS M. SABA • Department of Physiology, Albany Medical College of
Union University, Albany, New York
ROBERT C. STRUNK • Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Hospital and
Research Center/National Asthma Center, and Department of Pediatrics,
University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, Colorado
HENRY N. WAGNER, JR. • Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Johns Hopkins
Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
Foreword
This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly
shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio
medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells
and molecular moieties derived from those cells which constitute the RES. It
may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of
what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular sys
tem. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in
the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to
present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con
cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny
and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including
immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It
is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently het
erogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be
focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut
ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and
their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol
umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task
undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially
by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloen
dothelial Societies. The assistance, cooperation, and great support from the
editorial staff of Plenum Press are also valued greatly. It is hoped that this
unique treatise, the first to offer a fully comprehensive treatment of our knowl
edge concerning the RES, will provide a unified framework for evaluating what
is known and what still has to be investigated in this actively growing field. The
various volumes of this treatise provide extensive in-depth and integrated infor
mation on classical as well as experimental aspects of the RES. It is expected that
these volumes will serve as a major reference for day-to-day examination of
various subjects dealing with the RES from many different viewpoints.
Herman Friedman
Mario R. Escobar
Sherwood M. Reichard
vii
Introduction
The physiology of any body system-be it the cardiovascular, endocrine, body
fluid, pulmonary, etc.-embraces three categories of functional analysis:
1. The fundamental mechanisms of the system.
2. The regulation of the mechanisms by either intrinsic or extrinsic influences.
3. The coordinated interactions of the system in the integration of total orga
nismic functions.
Thus, this treatise on the physiology of the reticuloendothelial system by
definition will focus on the mechanisms, regulation, and integrative role of the
body macrophage system.
While the phagocytic or more properly endocytic functions-which for
many years almost exclusively defined the RES-are given predominant atten
tion, the current state of the growing body of knowledge on RES exocytosis, i.e.,
secretory functions of the macrophages, is thoroughly reviewed.
The clinical physiology of the RES has also been included, since the applica
tion of basic knowledge to the prevention of human disease is the goal of all
biomedical investigation.
The vast knowledge of the functions of the RES as influencing immune
functions, host defense in infection, and neoplasia has been omitted, since these
areas will be developed in other volumes of this treatise.
Herman Friedman
Mario R. Escobar
Sherwood M. Reichard
ix
Preface
Physiology is divided into two volumes. Volume 7A covered the funda
mental mechanisms and regulation of phagocytosis, regulatory interac
tions with blood elements, and regulatory interactions with blood metabolites
and constituents, providing the fundamental physiology and pathophysiology
of the RES necessary to progress into the contents of this volume.
This volume (7B) is divided into three sections: IV. Regulation and Mac
rophage Secretions; V. Clinical Physiology of the RES; and VI. Integrative Func-
tions of the RES. .
The chapters in the first section of Volume 7B (Section IV) review the excit
ing new knowledge concerned with the secretory functions of the macrophage.
These include the endocrinelike activities of the RES (Moore and Berry); the
control of complement synthesis by monocytes and macrophages (Strunk and
Colter); the cellular mechanisms by which arachidonic acid oxygenation prod
ucts are formed in macrophage populations (Davies et al.); the properties of the
lysosomal system of macro phages and the process of their secretion (Baggiolini);
the nature, regulation, and role of macrophage neutral proteinases with particu
lar attention given to plasminogen activators and their markers (Gordon and
Ezekowitz); the role of macrophages in the production of interferon and the
effects of interferon on macrophages (Lucas and Epstein); and the activity of a
protein, leukocytic endogenous mediator, synthesized by macrophages as an
intermediate in acute phase changes in infection, trauma, neoplastic disease,
and other stresses.
Section V deals with the clinical physiology of the RES and emphasizes the
methods currently available for the measurement of RES clearance in man (Brad
field); the role of altered RES function in liver pathophysiology (Liehr); the use of
nuclear imaging of the RES in clinical medicine to reveal global and regional
phagocytic function (Buchanan and Wagner); the inflammatory cell dynamics in
man (Rebuck); and the role of plasma opsonic fibronectin in nonspecific re
ticuloendothelial host defense, particularly septic shock (Saba).
Section VI summarizes some of the important integrative functions of the
RES, including the role of pulmonary macrophages, their protective posture,
and their part in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases (Brain); the production
of leukocyte pyrogen by phagocytic cells of liver and spleen during most infec
tious states (Bernheim); the relationship of RES function to the integrity of the
microcirculation, its dysfunction in circulatory shock and trauma (Altura); the
effect of radiation on phagocytic cell activity and on certain aspects of the func
tions of the RES in homeostasis, particularly in relation to radiation protection
mechanisms (Flemming and Reichard); the role of the RES in the pathophysio
logy of shock, the factors released by shock induced mechanisms and the inad
vertent use of mediators in the etiology of the shock state (Reichard and Reese);
xi
xii
PREFACE
the generation of the complement system and toxic oxygen products in inflam
mation and shock (Reichard); and the turnover of lysosomal enzymes in shock
and the role of the RES in the balance of these circulatory enzymes (Horpacsy).
We gratefully acknowledge the authors who accepted the difficult task of
summarizing the state of knowledge in these rapidly evolving areas of current
investigation.
Sherwood M. Reichard
James P. Filkins
