The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise Volume 5 Cancer

367 Pages·1983·9.538 MB·English

by  Robert D. Collins, Betsy Bennett, Alan D. Glick (auth.), Herman Friedman, Mario Escobar, Sherwood M. Reichard, Ronald B. Herberman (eds.)

The
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 5
Cancer
The Reticuloendothelial System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
General Editors:
Herman Friedman, University oj South Florida, Tampa, Florida
Mario Escobar, Medical College oj Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
and
Sherwood M. Reichard, Medical College oj Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
MORPHOLOGY
Edited by Ian Carr and W. T. Daems
BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM
Edited by Anthony J. Sbarra and Robert R. Strauss
PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY
Edited by Nicholas Cohen and M. Michael Sigel
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Edited by Noel R. Rose and Benjamin V. Siegel
CANCER
Edited by Ronald B. Herberman and Herman Friedman
PHYSIOLOGY
Edited by Sherwood M. Reichard and James P. Filkins
.. PHARMACOLOGY
Edited by John Hadden and Andor Szentivanyi
IMMUNOLOGY
Edited by Joseph A. Bellanti and Herbert B. Herscowitz
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Edited by Peter Abramoff and S. Michael Phillips
INFECTION
Edited by John P. Utz and Mario R. Escobar
The
Reticuloendothelial
System
A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE
Volume 5
Cancer
Edited by
RONALD B. HERBERMAN
Naiional Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Fredrick, Maryland
and
HERMAN FRIEDMAN
University of South Florida
College of Medicine
Tampa, Florida
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Reticuloendothelial system.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
CONTENTS: v. 1. Carr, I., Daems, W. T., and Lobo, A. Morphology.-v. 2.
Sbarra, A. J., and Strauss, R. R. Biochemistry and metabolism.-v. 3. Cohen, N., and
Sigel M. M. Phylogeny and Ontogeny.-v. 4. Rose, N. R., and Siegel, B. V. Immuno
pathology.-v. 5. Herberman, R. B., and Friedman, H. Cancer.
1. Reticulo-endothelial system. 2. Macrophages.1. Friedman, Herman, 1931-
II. Escobar, Mario R. III. Reichard, Sherwood M. [DNLM: 1. Reticuloendothelial
system. WH650 R437]
QP1l5.R47 591.2'95 79-25933
ISBN-13 :978-1-4684-4510-7 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4684-4508-4
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4508-4
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
BETSY BENNETT • Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
IAN CARR • Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and St. Boniface
Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
JEAN CARR· Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada
GEORGE J. CIANCIOLO • Laboratory of Immune Effector Function, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Rheumatic and Genetic Diseases,
Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina
ROBERT D. COLLINS· Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
ROBERT EVANS· The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
ISAIAH J. FIDLER • Cancer Metastasis and Treatment Laboratory, National Cancer
Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland
HERMAN FRIEDMAN • Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
ALAN D. GLICK • Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
STEPHEN HASKILL· Department of Obstetrics and.Gynecology, School of Medi
cine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
RONALD B. HERBERMAN • Biological Therapeutics Branch, Biological Response
Modifiers Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research
Facility, Frederick, Maryland
v
VI CONTRIBUTORS
T. JUHANI LINNA· Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont
de Nemours and Company, Inc., Glenolden Laboratory, Glenolden,
Pennsylvania
ALBERTO MANTOVANI • Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri,"
Milan, Italy
VINCENT A. POLLACK • Cancer Metastasis and Treatment Laboratory, National
Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland
RALPH SNYDERMAN • Laboratory of Immune Effector Function, Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Division of Rheumatic and Genetic Diseases, Department
of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
STEVEN SPECTER· Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Uni
versity of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
KURT STERN • The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The
Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
ALDO TAGLIABUE • Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan,
Italy
KENNETH D. THOMPSON· Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Loyola
University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
LUIGI VA RESIO • Biological Therapeutics Branch, Biological Response Modifiers
Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility,
Frederick, Maryland
Foreword
This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly
shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio
medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells
and molecular moieties derived from these cells which constitute the RES. It may
now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what
is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system.
Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the
subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to
present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con
cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny
and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including
immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It
is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently
heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be
focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut
ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and
their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol
umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task
undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially
by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe
lial Societies. The assistance, cooperation, and great support from the editorial
staff of Plenum Press are also valued greatly. It is hoped that this unique treatise,
the first to offer a fully comprehensive treatment of our knowledge concerning
the RES, will provide a unified framework for evaluating what is known and
what still has to be investigated in this actively growing field. The various vol
umes of this treatise provide extensive in-depth and integrated information on
classical as well as experimental aspects of the RES. It is expected that these
volumes will serve as a major reference for day-to-day examination of various
subjects dealing with the RES from many different viewpoints.
Herman Friedman
Mario R. Escobar
Sherwood M. Reichard
vii
Introduction
During the last few decades, the nature and mechanisms for development of
malignancy have attracted a high level of interest and experimental study by
numerous biomedical investigators. This tremendous. expansion of interest in
the field of oncology has been based on the equally striking explosion of interest
~n all aspects of biomedical science. It also should be noted that, historically, the
involvement of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the oncogenic process
has been well recognized and widely investigated. Much of this has come about
from the observation that defects in the RES may be involved in the potentiation
or progression of the malignant process. Furthermore, the RES itself has been
recognized as a target for the malignant process in that significant numbers of
malignancies of both man and experimental animals appear to either arise in the
organized RES tissues and/or are spread through and to the RES. Thus it ap
peared appropriate to the editors of this treatise to include a comprehensive
discussion of the reticuloendothelial system and malignancy.
It may be of value to note that there are several general categories of malig
nancy which appear to have different tissue sites of origin and different mechac
nisms of induction by etiologic agents. Carcinomas are considered to be malig
nancies arising from epithelial cells. In contrast, sarcomas are those
malignancies which arise from mesothelial origin and include such diverse tu
mors as fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, etc. Finally the lymphomas and
leukemias are considered to be those malignancies which arise from the blood
forming elements of the body, including the reticuloendothelial system.
Despite a tremendous amount of investigative work over the past few dec
ades concerning the malignant process, it is still apparent that the inability to
fully define the malignant cell and to unequivocally determine the etiologic
agents or events responsible for their development has hampered full expansion
of knowledge in this field. A vast amount of information exists to describe what
malignant cells do and to a lesser extent how they do it, but the fundamental
characteristics that set them apart from normal cells are still not adequately
understood.
It is generally accepted that the RES consists of a complex of distinct cell
types, including macrophages, reticular cells, lymphocytes, and plasmacytes.
These cells are recognized as important in primary host defense mechanisms
accounting for the clearance of foreign substances from the host, as well as the
ix
x
INTRODUCTION
regulation of cellular and metabolic activities. A fully functioning RES is impor
tant in all aspects of host defenses including specific and nonspecific defense
mechanisms against "foreign" invaders, such as parasites and microbes, as well
as "internal" invaders, such as malignant cells as they arise and attempt to
proliferate and disseminate throughout the body. Thus an understanding of
how malignancies interact with the RES appears to be an important goal for
those interested in the complex and interacting system of cells constituting the
RE system.
This volume of the RES treatise is concerned with several aspects of malig
nancy. The introductory chapter discusses tumors arising in the RES system,
their nature and characteristics. The pathology of tumors with an emphasis on
infiltration of host lymphatic tissue by tumor cells is then discussed. It is widely
recognized that the RES, including many important cellular components such as
macrophages, plays an important role in control of tumors and this topic is the
subject of detailed discussion. Specific antitumor effects by macrophages, both
at the local and systemic level, are also reviewed. The role of macrophages in
antitumor immunity is also presented in some detail, especially the ability of
macrophages to mediate tumoricidal activity in various model systems. The
function of macrophages within a tumor as compared to those in the general
circulation of the individual or in other tissue sites is discussed in detail, since it
is now quite apparent that those macrophages which may be infiltrating a tumor
or interacting with tumor cells locally are functionally and immunobiologically
distinct from macrophages in other sites.
It is now widely accepted that some degree of immune alteration may be
involved in tumor cell progression, if not initiation and selection. Various mech
anisms involved in alterations of immunocompetence, as reflected by height
ened susceptibility to tumors, are reviewed in this volume. It should be noted,
however, that for many decades there was a lack of understanding of the role of
the immune response in malignancy. Indeed, although there was a great deal of
speculation and enthusiasm in the earlier part of this century that tumors could
be brought under control by immunologic methods, such as by tumor vaccines,
the excitement faded very rapidly when by the 1950s it was realized that most of
the experimental antitumor vaccines really sensitized non-inbred animals to
transplantation antigens and not tumor associated antigens. Nevertheless, in
the mid-1950s it became dear that at least in some experimental animal tumor
models, specific antitumor immune responses, although relatively weak, could
be readily induced in syngeneic individuals. For example, transfer of meth
ylcholanthrene-induced transplantable tumor cells to a susceptible, inbred syn
geneic mouse, followed by excision of the tumor 1-2 weeks later, conferred on
that animal the ability to resist reimplantation of somewhat larger numbers of
tumor cells at a subsequent time.
Innumerable studies in the 1950s and 1960s confirmed that specific anti
tumor immunity could be induced by similar types of vaccines or antigen prepa
rations derived from specific tumors. Indeed, it became apparent by the 1960s
that oncogenic viruses elicited tumors in inbred animals and these tumors con
tained virus-associated antigens; specific immune responses could be elicited to
xi
INTRODUCTION
such antigens. Furthermore, chemically induced tumors also gave evidence of
specific antigens, but these appeared to be unique to each induced tumor. Thus,
the major question arose as to why tumors would progress in the face of poten
tial stimulation of immune responses against tumor specific or associated anti
gens. The idea of immunosurveillance and the role of the T lymphocyte system
in monitoring the emergence of tumor cells containing tumor specific antigens
became popular.
It is not appropriate at this time to review in detail the emergence of the
immunosurveillance theory, which was initially based upon the postulate that T
lymphocytes and other cellular elements of the immune response systems devel
oped to protect individuals against malignancies. Nevertheless, in the 1970s it
was evident that the concept of failure of the immunosurveillance system lead
ing to tumor development could not explain all features of how tumors can
"escape" the immune system of the host. Indeed, in those instances in man
where depressed immune responses have been associated with tumors, it be
came evident that most tumors in such individuals invol~ the reticuloen
dothelial system, whereas such tumors normally account for less than 5% of all
tumors in man. Over the last ten years, increasing evidence also has accumulat
ed to indicate that surveillance by immune T cells against immunogenic tumors
does not provide a sufficiently comprehensive view of host resistance against
tumors. An important role for natural immunity has emerged, with resistance
being mediated by natural killer (NK) cells as well as by macrophages. Thus, a
chapter summarizing the evidence for the role of NK cells in resistance to tumor
growth has been included in this volume.
It also has become quite evident over the last decade or so that tumor
bearing individuals, either man or experimental animals, may not only have
evidence of immunocompetence against the tumor per se, such as antibodies,
sensitized T lymphocytes, and functionally active NK cells and macrophages,
but also show evidence of "blocking" of immune competence by suppressive
cells or factors, either specific or nonspecific.
A wide variety of blocking factors, most notably soluble tumor antigens or
antigen/antibody complexes, are present in many individuals with progressive
tumors. Furthermore, suppressor cells of the immune system, including sup
pressor macrophages and T lymphocytes, have been associated with many tu
mors. In many experimental animal situations, development of suppressor cells
precedes or parallels the progression of an experimental tumor, either trans
planted or induced. Thus, these topics are discussed in some detail in this
volume. Furthermore, it is well recognized that many tumor inducing agents,
including chemical carcinogens, ultraviolet light, and irradiation may be immu
nosuppressive, perhaps locally if not systemically. Most if not all tumor-induc
ing viruses of experimental animals are now known to be immunosuppressive.
These suppressive tumor viruses include the retroviruses. Thus, there is a dis
cussion of tumor viruses and their immunosuppressive properties in this vol
ume. In addition, many tumor cells may either directly or indirectly affect the
immune system. Many of the leukemias, both in vivo and in vitro, secrete immu
nosuppressive molecules, either unique or related to "normal" immunoregula-