The restoration of King Gbehanzin palace. Royal palaces of Abomey

2007·3 MB·English

by  KAWADA, Junzo

The restoration of
King Gbehanzin Palace
Royal Palaces of Abomey
A World Heritage property

The restoration of
King Gbehanzin Palace
Royal Palaces of Abomey
A World Heritage property
Edited by
JUNZO KAWADA
Anthropologist
Cover photograph
Sacred baobab tree planted
by King Gbehanzin before
the conflict with the
French troops
Hereunder
The adjalala, the reception
hall of the King
Preface
Koïchiro MAtsuuRA Kan to gbe nu e no gbe kan do
Director-General of UNESCO [It is at the end of the rope woven by the father that the child
starts to weave his own].
It is through the protection and restoration of a prop-
erty inscribed on the World Heritage List, that we can
perpetuate the link between one’s own heritage and the
common heritage of humankind, between the times of
our ancestors and the rooting of the identity of future
generations. The saying above, taken from the Trupinmeji, one of the signs of the Ifa,
Deity of divination, a mediator between men, the dead and the gods, tells us about
the chain which connects the tangible – the bas-reliefs molded inside the cob walls
of the adjalala - with the intangible - the living dimension of the allegorical accounts
that recall the history of the kingdom of Danhome.
Benin ratified the UNESCO World Heritage Convention on June 14th, 1982, and, as such,
became the sixteenth country in the African continent having committed itself to pro-
tecting its cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value. Three years
later, in 1985, the site of the Royal Palaces of Abomey was simultaneously inscribed
on the prestigious World Heritage List and on the World Heritage List in Danger.
Since then, this outstanding testimony of a Kingdom ruled by twelve successive kings
between 1625 and 1900 - which I had the privilege to visit in 2002-, this “unique his-
torical document” has been subject to intense conservation campaigns, aiming at
repairing the damages caused by time, as well as by natural or human factors.
In 2001, UNESCO, Japan and Benin signed a cooperation agreement for the restoration
of the Palace of King Behanzin, one of the greatest testimonies of the Dahomean phi-
losophy, art and history, which are so well represented in the symbolism in the specific
life of the Royal Palace-Museum of the kingdom of Dahome - one of the kingdoms of
sub-Saharan Africa which developed outstanding royal cultures in the 18th Century.
This kind of attention on the part of the Government of Japan in favor of the safe-
guarding of this memory inscribed into the clay, echoed by the litanies of Kotoja - the
sacred rhythm of the Royal court of Abomey -, could only inspire UNESCO in its mission
to facilitate international co-operation relevant to the protection and the safeguard
of a heritage that belongs to the history of humanity as a whole.
May this encourage the international community in the years to come to pursue other
actions of rehabilitation in accordance with the safeguard measures promoted by the
Statue of Gbehanzin, 1972 Convention relative to the World Heritage.
King of Abomey, in Goho
square, at the entrance May the international community take the responsibility to protect heritage at the
of the town of Abomey,
erected in co-operation global level, for it is the symbol of the diversity of the creative genius of the peoples
with the Democratic and societies, a strong base towards the construction of a sustainable development
2 People’s Republic of Korea and a renewed hope for a dialogue between men and cultures.
in March 1979.
Picture of King
AdjalalaG, rbehstaanuz-in
Preface and hrisa tcioounrt ddeusri nbga sh is
exile in Mraerltiineifqsue
ci-c©on Mtrues,é aes dpue qcut aai vBarnatn ly,
sa restaurpahtiootno ,F eatb re
ci-dessus, après.
forward
It wAs veRy foRtunAte thAt BenIn was the first African
King Gbehanzin
© Musée des Armées country to have the honour to benefit from a financing
support from the UNESCO/Japan Fund in Trust for World Herit-
age, for the restoration of one of the country’s major heritage
sites, the Palace of Gbehanzin, king of Dahomey. It is also by
chance that the restoration came to an end at the same time
as the celebration to mark the centenary of the king’s death
that took place in December 1906 in Algiers.
But, actually, the wonderfully generous gesture on the part
of Japan was not just a matter of chance. We know about the
richness of the multi-millenary cultural heritage of Japan,
the depth and refinement of the heritage consciousness of its
people, as well as the generosity of its government towards
countries in the southern hemisphere. The publication of this
remarkable booklet carries a strong symbol: that of Japan con-
tribution not only to the Benin’s national remembrance duty,
but also and probably above all, to the emergence of a new
global appeased perception, that of Gbehanzin being an inter-
national symbol of resistance against colonial conquest.
In other words, international co-operation and heritage have
been associated in favour of peace: the ultimate goal of
UNESCO. In that respect, we would like to thank Mr. Koïchiro
Matsura, Director General of UNESCO, as well as the Japan
and UNESCO experts, Professor Junzo Kawada and Professor
Tito Spini who, through their patient efforts, guided and sup-
ported this fruitful pioneering venture: a clear example of a
well accomplished, solidarity-based, international cultural
co-operation.
his excellency, Mr olabiyi yAI
Ambassador
Permanent Delegate of Benin to UNESCO
4
Bas-reliefs of
the adjalala after
stabilisation
© D. Mizehoun
I would lIKe to exPRess my great satisfaction at seeing catastrophes such as tornadoes and floods have caused
the completion of the restoration works on the palace of serious degradation to these remains. As a result, in 1985,
King Gbehanzin of Abomey, which is commemorated by the UNESCO simultaneously inscribed the site on the World
publication of this brochure. Heritage List and the World Heritage List in Danger.
Beyond borders, civilisations, languages or time, Cultural Facing this reality, the Japanese Government decided to deploy
Heritage bonds mankind together, creating a brotherly link. a mission to Abomey in collaboration with UNESCO, to develop
Cultural heritage transmits the history and memory of mankind a restoration project for the site with the participation of
to future generations, and its traces offer an absolutely unique relevant experts who eventually participated in the execution
view of the various cultures that make up our world. of the project. Several discussions and dialogues were held
with the Beninese Government and representatives of the
However, at this present time and on each continent, there community in order to examine how assistance could be
still exist various remains, historic monuments or other rendered through the Japanese Fund-in-Trust. This resulted
heritage in danger of disappearance, as a result of their in the activities which were carried out by UNESCO and which
extreme state of degradation. All this cultural heritage are presented today in this superb brochure.
belongs to the entire mankind and it is necessary to rapidly
take appropriate protective measures. The Royal Palaces of Abomey still remain on the World
Heritage List in Danger. On the occasion of the publication
In reaction to this situation, the Japanese government of this brochure, I would like to express the wish to see more
created, in 1989, the “Fund-in-Trust for the preservation of and more people testify of their interest in this unique site,
world cultural heritage” at UNESCO, in order to contribute to and in their turn, participate in preservation and promotional
the protection of remarkable cultural sites, be they historic activities for Abomey.
monuments or archaeological remains.
At the initial stage, the beneficiaries of this financial support
were mainly cultural sites in Asia, and this project in Abomey his excellency, Mr seiichi Kondo
is the first to have been carried out in sub-Saharan Africa, Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary
from 2001 to 2004. Permanent Delegate of Japan to UNESCO
From the 17th to the 20th century, twelve kings succeeded
each other within the fortified enclosure of Abomey, each
one building his own palace on his accession to the throne.
While the remains of these palaces constitute a precious
testimony of the evolution of this civilisation and its past
glory, especially as there are no written texts, natural
5
One of the most
important sacred tree
of the palace
is planted close to the
adjalala
Restoration of the Palace of King Gbehanzin
an example of a dynamic partnership in the valorisation and development
of local know-how
Ayari RAchIdA de souzA
Anthropologist - Curator
the PAlAce of KInG GBehAnzIn is part of the architec- King Gbehanzin could not to complete the construction
tural genealogy of a great Royal city, a home for the of his palace, Dowomè, for lack of time. It is symbolically
living and the spirits of the ancestors, spread over approxi- thought of as having ten-layer walls. Thus the oral tradi-
mately 44 hectares. tion states:
Since the rule of Houegbadja (1645-1685), each King built his “… We are in Singbo, in front of the Adjalala of Gbehanzin
palace next to that of his predecessor, along a north-south- and you know that the kings cannot do anything without the
west axis, directed towards Adja-Tado and following the line Ifa” (statement of Gbehanzin Agboyidu, July 1995, recorded
of expansion of the kingdom. by Tito Spini).
The palace, in this context, represents the uniqueness of “Looking in the direction of Tado, the axis of reference, the
the royal person as a central point within the universe; the predictions that the Ifa had made in Houégbadja are ac-
centre of gravity of the political life where the great annual complished - the palaces shall continue up to the tenth wall
ceremonies and the celebrations take place, for the king is (with the tenth king) and not any further. A building, the
the absolute monarch, the epicentre of political, economic Adjalala of Gbehanzin (built in the 1950’s by the descend-
and social activities. ants of the dethroned king) closes a chapter in history, and
represents the material presence which combines anthro-
“Master of the living, Semedo, Master of the world, pological, historical and metaphorical languages by trans-
Ayrhunnon, Master of pearls, Jexasu, Master of wealth, lating them into spaces. ”
Dokumon… ”
But this palace remains a living place whose history is a lan-
The palace is the central security zone for the kingdom, and guage of signs, symbols and matter, a space where history
plays an important role in the economic, social and spatial is reconstructed through a combination of micro-histo-
organization of the kingdom’s defence. ries, secret and local history and official history,
where meaning is reflected through the decoding
The palace of Gbehanzin has a unique symbolic of symbols, the study of orientation, construc-
dimension within the Royal complex. Not only tion techniques, the placement of
does it bear testimony to a period of rule, it the bas-reliefs and the mystical
also represents an active and itinerant re- and supernatural links existing
sistance in the eye of the Beninese general between the buildings and their
public and the local communities. It rep- environment (sacred trees, rituals,
resents and incarnates the bravery and sacred places and temples).
the heroism of prince Kondo, who seized
the power in 1889, under the name of Here, time is discontinuous, and space is
Gbè han zin (Gbehanzin). He had to face continuously rebuilt through the ritual
the French troops in order to defend the practices and the spoken words. The his-
sovereignty of his kingdom and resisted torical continuity between the different
to the colonial influence over a period of places is a space-time circle, always mo- Zoomorphic wooden statue
several years. bile, dynamic and in accordance with the divinity representing a shark, the main
symbol of King Gbehanzin 7
The adjalala of
King Gbehanzin
after restoration