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The Psychology of Language
From Data to Theory
Second Edition
Trevor A. Harley
(University of Dundee, Scotland)
Vp Psychology Press
A Taylor & Francis Croup
HOVE AND NEW YORK
Published in 2001 by Psychology Press Ltd
27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA
www.psypress.co.uk
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc.
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Reprinted 2001 and 2003
© 2001 by Psychology Press Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY]
ISBN 0-86377-866-6 (hbk) NOTTINGHAM |
ISBN 0-86377-867-4 (pbk)
Cover design by Hurlock Design, Lewes, West Sussex
Typeset in Hong Kong by Graphicraft Limited
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn
This publication has been produced with paper manufactured to strict
environmental standards and with pulp derived from sustainable forests.
To Siobhan (again)
and my famous mother
“It is nothing other than words which has made
us human”
(Pavlov, 1927/1960)
Contents
Preface x Do animals have language? 47
How to use this book xiii The biological basis of language 60
The cognitive basis of language:
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION 1 The cognition hypothesis 70
The social basis of language 77
1. The study of language 3 What is the relation between
Introduction 3 language and thought? 79
What is language and how did it Summary 88
originate? 5 Some questions to think about 89
The history and methods of Further reading 89
psycholinguistics 11
Themes and controversies in modem 4. Language development 91
psycholinguistics 19 Introduction 91
Summary 24 The driving forces of language
Some questions to think about 25 development 93
Further reading 25 Phonological development 105
Semantic development 109
2. Describing language 27
Early syntactic development 118
Introduction 27
Summary 128
How to describe speech sounds 27
Some questions to think about 129
Linguistic approaches to syntax 33
Further reading 129
Summary 42
Some questions to think about 43
5. Bilingualism and second language
Further reading 43
acquisition 131
Introduction 131
SECTION B: THE BIOLOGICAL
Bilingualism 131
AND DEVELOPMENTAL BASES
Second language acquisition 135
OF LANGUAGE 45
Summary 138
3. The foundations of language 47 Some questions to think about 138
Introduction 47 Further reading 138
viii CONTENTS
SECTION C: WORD RECOGNITION 139 The neuropsychology of parsing 269
Summary 273
6. Recognizing visual words 141 Some questions to think about 274
Introduction 141 Further reading 274
Methods and findings 142
Meaning-based facilitation of visual 10. Word meaning 275
word recognition 156 Introduction 275
Morphology: Processing complex Classic approaches to semantics 277
words 160 Semantic networks 278
Models of visual word recognition 162 Semantic features 281
Lexical ambiguity 168 Family resemblance and classification 288
Summary 176 Combining concepts 292
Some questions to think about 177 Processing figurative language 293
Further reading 177 The neuropsychology of semantics 294
Connectionist approaches to semantics 303
7. Reading 179
Summary 307
Introduction 179
Some questions to think about 309
A preliminary model of reading 181
Further reading 309
The processes of normal reading 182
The neuropsychology of adult reading
11. Comprehension 311
disorders: Acquired dyslexia 189
Introduction 311
Models of word naming 195
Memory for text and inferences 313
Learning to read and spell 206
Reference, coreference, and ambiguity 322
Summary 216
Models of text representation and
Some questions to think about 217
processing 327
Further reading 217
Individual differences in
comprehension skills 335
8. Understanding speech 219
Pragmatics 337
Introduction 219
The structure of conversation 341
Recognizing speech 219
The neuropsychology of text and
Models of speech recognition 228
discourse processing 342
The neuropsychology of spoken
Summary 343
word recognition 240
Some questions to think about 344
Summary 241
Further reading 345
Some questions to think about 242
Further reading 242
SECTION E: PRODUCTION AND
OTHER ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE 347
SECTION D: MEANING AND
BEYOND 243
12. Language production 349
9. Understanding the structure of Introduction 349
sentences 245 Speech errors 351
Introduction 245 Syntactic planning 352
Coping with structural ambiguity 247 Lexicalization 359
Early work on parsing 248 Phonological encoding 371
Processing structural ambiguity 254 The analysis of hesitations 374
Gaps, traces, and unbounded The neuropsychology of speech
dependencies 267 production 376
