Table Of ContentTHE PSYCHOLOGY OF GENDER
AND HEALTH
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THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF GENDER AND
HEALTH
CONCEPTUAL AND
APPLIED GLOBAL
CONCERNS
Edited by
M. P S -l
ilar ánchez óPez
r M. l -G
oSa iMiñana raS
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Cover Image: Hygeia, the daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius. Hygeia was the goddess/
personification of health and prevention of illness, cleanliness, and hygiene. She was represented as a
young woman feeding a large snake coiled around her body. The snake was a beneficial and enlightening
character in cultures of old. An animal between two worlds, it was able to live underground and to shed
its skin. For Greeks, descent into the underworld (below consciousness and what is visible) is essential
in obtaining a cure—one must descend to see what is happening there, to find the cure, with a fresh skin.
Like the snake. Applying the gender perspective to health is also a descent, in some ways, below what
is visible. We obtain a “fresh skin”, that enables us to better understand the importance of gender as a
determining factor for health, and the need to include gender-related variables in order to correctly assess
the set of causes that produce differences in health. Hygeia feeding a snake is particularly associated with
the aim of this book.
Contents
Contributors ix
Foreword xi
LONDA SCHIEBINGER
1. Health From a Gender Perspective: The State of the Art
M. PILAR SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ AND ROSA M. LIMIÑANA-GRAS
Determinants of Health 2
The Sex/Gender System 4
The Gender Perspective in Health: Integration of Sex and Gender
in the Analysis and Research of Health 10
Incorporation of the Gender Perspective to Interventions in Health 29
Book Preview 38
References 43
I
CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES FOR GENDER
AND HEALTH
2. Gender-Based Perspectives About Women’s and Men’s Health
JUAN F. DÍAZ-MORALES
Gender and Health 55
Sex and Health Studies 58
Approaches of Gender as a Determinant of Health 68
Gender Self-Categorization and Gender Beliefs 71
Gender Perspectives About Health: Common Aspects 76
Acknowledgments 78
References 78
3. The Health Gender Gap: A Constrained Choice Explanation
PATRICIA P. RIEKER AND JENNAN G. READ
The Health Gender Gap in Global Perspective 88
Constrained Choices: A New Approach to Health Disparities 97
The Constrained Choice Framework and Processes 98
Applications of Constrained Choice 105
v
vi CONTENTS
Future Challenges for Constrained Choice 110
References 113
4. Masculinities and Health: Whose Identities, Whose
Constructions?
CHRIS MCVITTIE, JULIE HEPWORTH AND KAREN GOODALL
Hegemonic Masculinity 121
The Limitations of Hegemonic Masculinity 124
Masculinities Reconsidered 127
Conclusion 136
References 137
Note on Transcription Notation 140
5. Transgender, Sexual Orientation, and Health
MARTA E. APARICIO-GARCÍA
Common Meanings: Gender, Self-Identity, Gender Identity, and Sexual
Orientation 144
Health in Transgender People 149
Conclusion 164
References 165
II
CLINICAL AND HEALTH CONTEXTS
6. “He’s More Typically Female Because He’s Not Afraid to
Cry”: Connecting Heterosexual Gender Relations and
Men’s Depression
JOHN L. OLIFFE, MARY T. KELLY, JOAN L. BOTTORFF, JOY L. JOHNSON AND SABRINA T. WONG
Masculinities and Men’s Depression 178
Heterosexual Gender Relations, Health, and Illness 179
Theoretical Underpinnings of Gender Relations 180
An Empirical Study 181
Conclusion 195
References 195
7. Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Prevention
and Intervention Strategies in Spain
ROSA M. PATRÓ-HERNÁNDEZ
An International Framework for Violence Against Women 200
The Magnitude of the Problem: Global and National Prevalence Estimates
of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women 204
CONTENTS vii
The Severity of the Effects: Consequences of Violence on Women’s Health 208
Approaches to Gender-Based Violence 211
Strategies for Primary and Secondary Prevention 215
Intervention Strategies 219
Psychological Intervention With Victims and Perpetrators of Intimate
Partner Violence Against Women 222
References 227
8. Examining Migrants’ Health From a Gender
Perspective
ANDREEA C. BRABETE
Situating European Migration 231
Women in Migration Studies From a Gender Perspective 233
The Healthy Immigrant Effect 235
Migrants’ Health From a Gender Perspective 236
Acculturative Stress and Its Impact on Health: Elements for a Psychological
Intervention With Migrants 239
Health Care: Barriers to Services and Health Programs 241
Intersectionality: A Necessity When Studying Migrants’ Health 244
References 245
9. An Integrity Model, Existential Perspective in Clinical
Work With Men From a Gender and Health Perspective
NEDRA R. LANDER AND DANIELLE NAHON
Challenging the Myth of the Emotionally Defective Male 253
The Integrity Model in Working With Men: A Historical and Health
Promotion Perspective 255
Theoretical Underpinnings: The Integrity Model 258
The Integrity Model: An Existential Perspective in Working With Men 259
Working With Men: Case Example 264
Conclusions 267
References 270
10. Contributions of Gender Perspective to HIV Infection
ISABEL CUÉLLAR-FLORES
Genealogy of an Epidemic 275
Epidemiology and Distribution by Sex 277
Gender Inequalities in HIV 280
Sex and Gender Determinants in HIV 282
Contributions of Gender Perspective to HIV Prevention 286
Contributions of Gender Perspective to HIV Interventions 290
Psychology, Gender, and Pediatric HIV: Contributions From Clinical Practice 293
Conclusions 300
References 300
viii CONTENTS
11. Breastfeeding and Health: A Gender Perspective
LUCIA COLODRO-CONDE
A Historical Perspective of Breastfeeding 309
Breastfeeding as a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon 313
Femininity, Motherhood, and Breastfeeding 318
Breastfeeding, Health, and Gender 321
Psychological Interventions in Breastfeeding 328
Acknowledgment 334
References 334
12. Mainstreaming Gender Equality to Improve Women’s Mental
Health in England
KAREN NEWBIGGING
Psychology, Psychiatry, and Women’s Mental Health 345
The Case for Mainstreaming in Mental Health 346
Mainstreaming as a Potential Remedy 347
Mainstreaming in Practice 350
Revisiting Mainstreaming in Mental Health 356
Conclusions: Implications for Psychiatry and Psychology 357
References 358
13. Health and Gender Perspective in Infertility
ROSA M. LIMIÑANA-GRAS
Infertility and Its Treatment 364
Health and Gender Determinants in Infertility 372
Health and Gender Differences in Infertility 382
Infertility in Reproductive Psychology: A Gender Perspective 388
References 393
14. Epilogue
JOAN C. CHRISLER
Topics to Discuss in a Health Psychology Course 402
Conclusion 404
References 404
Index 407
Contributors
Marta E. Aparicio-García Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Joan L. Bottorff University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada; Australian
Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Andreea C. Brabete Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University
of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Joan C. Chrisler Connecticut College, New London, CT, United States
Lucia Colodro-Conde QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane,
QLD, Australia
Isabel Cuéllar-Flores CoRISpe (National Cohort of Pediatric Patients with HIV
Infection of Madrid), Spain; EPSY (Research Group of Psychological Styles,
Gender and Health), Spain; Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid,
Spain
Juan F. Díaz-Morales Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Karen Goodall University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Julie Hepworth Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Joy L. Johnson Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Mary T. Kelly University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Nedra R. Lander University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Rosa M. Limiñana-Gras University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Chris McVittie Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom
Danielle Nahon University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Karen Newbigging University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
John L. Oliffe University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Rosa M. Patró-Hernández University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Jennan G. Read Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Patricia P. Rieker Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
M. Pilar Sánchez-López Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Londa Schiebinger Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Sabrina T. Wong University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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