Table Of ContentThe Psychology of
Emotion
Fifth edition
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The Psychology of
Emotion
Fifth edition
From Everyday Life to Theory
K. T. Strongman
Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
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Strongman,K.T.
Thepsychologyofemotion:fromeverydaylifetotheory/Kenneth
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1. Emotions. I. Title
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
1 An introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Somereallife;Whatatheoryofemotionshoulddo;Howtouse
thisbook;Summary;Furtherreading
2 Early theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Somereallife;Earlyphilosophicaltheoriesofemotion;Darwin;
McDougall;James–Lange;Cannon(Cannon–Bardtheory);Papez;
Duffy;Conclusions;Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Further
reading
3 Phenomenological theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Somereallife;Stumpf;Sartre;Buytedjik;Hillman;Fell;deRivera;
Denzin;Stein,TrabassoandLiwag;Self,identityandwell-being;
Conclusions;Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
4 Behavioural theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Somereallife;Watson;HarlowandStagner;Millenson;
Weiskrantz;Hammond;Gray;StaatsandEifert;Conclusions;
Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
5 Physiological theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Somereallife;Earlierphysiologicallybasedviews;
Theneuroscienceapproach;Theevolutionaryapproach;
Conclusions;Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
6 Cognitive theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Somereallife;Maranon;Arnold;Schachter;Leventhal;Bower;
OatleyandJohnson-Laird;Lazarus;Ellsworth;Frijda;
Thecognition–emotionrelationship;Conclusions;Summary;
Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
7 Ambitious theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Somereallife;Leeper;Tomkins;Averill;Mandler;Buck;Oatleyand
Johnson-Laird;Izard;Ortony;Frijda;Conclusions;Summary;
Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
8 Specific emotions theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Introduction;Anger;Anxietyandfear;Happiness;Sadness;
Disgust;Jealousyandenvy;Grief;Love;Shameandother
self-conscious,self-reflexiveemotions;Conclusions;Summary;
Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
viii Contents
9 Developmental theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Somereallife;Sroufe;Giblin;Attachmenttheory;Fischer,ShaverandCarnochan;Izard
andMalatesta(Malatesta-Magai);Malatesta-Magai;Izard,again;Camras;Lewis;Harris;
Cognitionindevelopment;Emotionregulation;Conclusions;Summary;Aquestionof
application;Furtherreading
10 Social theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Somereallife;Davitz–adictionary;Eibl-Eibesfeldt–ethology;Frijda–dimensionality;
deRivera–socialrelationships;Berscheid–moresocialrelationships;Rime´ –social
sharing;HeiseandO’Brien–groupexpression;Ekman–facialexpression;Conclusions;
Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
11 Clinical theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Somereallife;Cognitiveapproachestoemotionaldysfunction;Anxiety;Depression;Stress
andcoping;Psychophysiology,psychosomaticsandhealth;Alexithymia;Conclusions;
Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
12 The individual and the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Somereallife;Personality;Sex;Gender;Artificialemotion;Theenvironment;Spirituality;
Conclusions;Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
13 Emotion and culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Somereallife;Emotionatwork;Emotionandsport;Emotionandthearts;Conclusions;
Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
14 Theory outside psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Somereallife;Philosophy;History;Anthropology;Sociology;Culture;Conclusions;
Summary;Aquestionofapplication;Furtherreading
15 Emotion themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Somereallife;Summaryoftheoreticalperspectives;Biologicalfoundations;Social
constructionofemotions;Postmodernthemesinemotion;Emotionasdiscourse;Emotional
experience;Emotionsandmorality;Emotionsandfeelings;Conclusions;Summary;Afinal
questionofapplication;Furtherreading
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Author index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Preface
A fifth edition. Phew! Over a 30-year time span. Where has it gone?
Puttingsuchthoughtstooneside,thegreatthingisthatduringthose
30yearsthestudyofemotionhasbeguntocomeofage,inaserious
way. In the early 1970s there was little information and a general
eschewingofemotionbypsychologists.Thereasonsforthisarebest
developed in another context; for now it is enough to say that the
study of emotion seemed a little difficult to pursue with the type of
scientificrigourthatmanypsychologistshadcometobelievewasthe
only way forward. No matter that emotion is an integral part of
human existence.
Because emotion is inescapable, its study had to develop, and
the various editions of this book have reflected that development.
Meanwhile, many other texts on emotion have appeared, to the
great credit of those who have produced them. At last, we are
getting somewhere and not merely within psychology. Emotion is
such a ubiquitous aspect of life that it can be viewed from multiple
perspectives.
Moreover, in the last few years, the importance of emotion in
everyday life, at work, in sport, at home, within the arts and so on
has also come to be recognised by those who study it. Of course, its
importanceinthosecontextshaslongbeenrecognisedbythosewho
don’tstudyit.Butthatisanothermatter.Receivedwisdom,bothof
the everyday sort and the academic variety, is at last moving away
from the idea that emotion is to be contrasted with reason and then
ignored as irrelevant. Emotion has its part to play throughout the
lives of all of us,every day. Indeed, it is the very stuff of those lives.
So how we regulate emotion, whether or not we might be described
as emotionally intelligent, and in what ways emotion can dys-
function, if at all, have come to be hot topics. Even within the
realms of clinical psychology, the role of emotion is no longer
simply assumed – it is now being studied.
So, what of this fifth edition of The Psychology of Emotion?
The fourth edition made an honest attempt to deal with emotion
from a theoretical perspective, not ignoring empirical work, but
not discussing it in detail either. The reason for this was that there
wassimplytoomuchempiricalworktoconsiderinasingletextthat
was aimed at being inclusive. Naturally, however, empirical work
informed the synthesis attempted in that edition. The present
edition remains theoretically based, its structure similar to the
