Table Of ContentTHE PROFESSIONAL
PROTECTION OFFICER
SECOND EDITION
THE
PROFESSIONAL
PROTECTION
OFFICER
Practical Security Strategies and
Emerging Trends
SECOND EDITION
Editedby
S J. D
ANDI AVIES
L J. F
AWRENCE ENNELLY
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Notices
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Dedication
We would like to offer this dedication to the steps in protecting people, property, and
strongly committed officers who have sought assets. Be safe!
out their own professional development To those fallen officers who lost their lives
by engaging in their studies that the Inter- while on the job in the line of duty words can’t
national Foundation for Protection Officers adequately express our gratitude. The loss that
(IFPO) makes available. Thousands upon yourfamiliesmustbefeelingisrealandtremen-
thousands of women and men internationally dous.Youwerestrongandbrave,andYOUdid
have successfully completed an IFPO certifi- make a difference. Thank you kindly for your
cation program which in turn has enhanced service. May God Bless.
their career. These individuals are raising
the bar for our industry. Often these gradua- Once coined “Forgotten Soldiers of an Invisible
tes continue with their studies and earn their Empire”comesto mind.
bachelor’s or master’s degrees. This industry byChristopher A. Hertig, CPP, CPOI
is evolving at such a substantial rate that
the need for well-educated and trained indi- SandiJ.Davies, Larry J.Fennelly
viduals is significant. We thank you for taking
Contributors
MichaelAllen,CPP,CFE,PSP,PCI RobertD.Jaffin,MBS,MTS
CurtisBaillie,CSC GlenKitteringham,SDyRM,M.Sc.,CPP,CPOI
BrianD.Baker,MA,CPP,PCI,CPOI JenniferLantz
JeremyD.Bates,CFI BrianLunn
GregBenson,MPA RonaldL.Martin,CPP,CPOI
ColinBest,CSSM RobertMetscher,CPP
PatrickC.Bishop,CPP,CFE,CPO BonnieMichelman,CPP,CHPA
NormanR.Bottom JosephNelson,CPP
JamesBroder,CPP ThomasNorman,CPP,PSP,CSC
ChrisCarhart JohnE.O’Rourke,CPP
JeremiahDaley DenisA.O’Sullivan,CPP,CPO
SandiJ.Davies KevinE.Palacios,M.Sc.,CPP,PSP,PCI
WhitneyDeCamp,PhD.,CPO MariannaA.Perry,M.S.,CPP,CPOI
MatthewR.Dimmick,PSP,CPD KevinE.Peterson,CPP,CPOI,CPO
KevinT.Doss,M.Sc.,CPP,PSP KevinPound
JackF.Dowling,CPP,PSP KennaPowell,CPP
DougDurant,BA,CPP,CPO DavidL.Ray,BA,JD,CFE
FrancisJ.Elliott,CPP BethanyJ.Redmond
JimEllis,MA.,CPP,PSP ChrisRichardson,CPP
MichaelJ.Fagel,Ph.D.,CEM JamesE.Sellers,MSc,CPP,CFE,CPOI
KenFauth,CPP Charles(Chuck)Sennewald,CSC,CPP,CPO
LawrenceJ.Fennelly,CPOI,CSSM DennisShepp,MBA,CPP,CFE,PCI
RichardP.Fiems,MA,CPOI,CSSM JeffreyA.Slotnick,CPP,PSP
LindaF.Florence,Ph.D.,CPP BradSpicer
EricL.Garwood,CPP,CSSM,CPO CharlesT.Thibodeau,M.Ed,CPP,CPOI,CSSM
TerenceM.Gibbs,MS,CPP,WSO-CSSD FranklinR.Timmon,CPP,CPOI
BrionP.Gilbride,MSI,CPP,CSSM,CPO ErnestG.Vendrell,Ph.D,CEM,CPP
DavidHalcovitch,MSc TedWade,MA
MichaelA.Hannigan,CPO ScottA.Watson,MCJ,M.Ed,CFE,CPP
ChristopherA.Hertig,CPP,CPOI LindaWatson,CPP,CSC,CHS-V
JenniferHesterman,ColonelUSAirforce(Retired) Rav-ZuridanYisrael,MA,CPP,CPOI,CHS-111
xv
Foreword
Security isa reflectionof the society. Thistextisintendedasareferenceforprepar-
Globalization,terrorism,andtechnologycon- ing the reader for the Certified Protection Officer
tinuetodrivechangeinthewaysecurityhasto certification as well as a comprehensive refer-
operate and respond to risk. The world is in a ence. The contributing authors are all highly
constantstateoffluxandthereforetheconcepts respected professionals from around the globe
andpractice ofsecurity mustcontinually adapt withexpertiseandadvancedcredentialsintheir
to theever-changing risks. respective areas.
Security professionals must be comfortable This book provides a broad overview of
with constantly operating in the midst of topics critical to success for security profes-
ambiguity. sionals such as communication, protection offi-
Drawing from various disciplines and cer’s functions, crime prevention, safety,
diverse practice areas, security includes and information security, workplace violence, risk
is not limited to STEM (science, technology, management, investigations, private security
engineering, and mathematics), cyber, risk law, and the use of force. This version builds
management, political science, leadership, on previous editions with new and expanded
communication skills, business management, sections to include:
and legal aspects.
(cid:129) Enterprise security riskmanagement
Asthreatscontinuetoevolve,securityprofes-
(cid:129) Armed assailant/active shooter
sionals at all levels must constantly learn and
(cid:129) Leadership skills andcompetencies
change,whilebalancingtheparametersoftheir
(cid:129) Expanded sections on technology and
respective organization, agency, culture, or
physical security
jurisdiction. Those who intend to harm adapt
quickly to overcome preventative and protec- Readers will gain tools, tactics, methodolo-
tion measures with increasing creativity and gies,andbestpracticesforprotectingtheirorga-
expertise. nizations orcommunities.
The good news is the practice of security is
Dr. Linda F. Florence,Ph.D., CPP
moving toward greater acceptance and profes-
sionalism as evidenced by research, best prac- TheFlorenceGroup,LLC
tices, guidelines, and a documented body of LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
knowledge. There are numerous career path- Bonnie Michelman, CPP, CHPA
ways for individuals who choose to dedicate
MassachusettsGeneralHospital
themselves to the practice of professional secu-
PartnersHealthcare,Inc.
rity through education and certification.
Boston,MA,UnitedStates
xvii
Introduction
PURPOSE Today,IFPOistherecognizedcatalystinthe
developmentofprofessionalismthroughoutthe
ThepurposeofthisbookTheProfessionalPro- securityindustry.Thousandsofsecurityofficers
tection Officer: Practical Security Strategies and
who have earned the CPO accreditation have
Emerging Trends is to provide “need-to-know” gained knowledge and professional career
information to protection officers and students enhancement; they have unselfishly provided
throughoutthesecurityindustry. Thisresource encouragement and information to their col-
servesasthecoursetextfortheCertifiedProtec- leagues and employers. Hence, a new dimen-
tionOfficer(CPO)program.Manysecuritypro- sion of opportunities has spread throughout
fessionalsalsofindthecontentsofthistextbook the security industry.
helpful as a reference in their day-to-day secu- The first version of this book was simple,
rity management responsibilities. short,andlimitedinscope,butincludedenough
information to help the security officer better
understandhisorherroles,duties,andrespon-
sibilities.However,sincethatsimplebeginning,
HISTORY OF THIS HANDBOOK eachsubsequentedition,atotalofnine(includ-
ing seven before the title change), has brought
ThefirsteditionoftheProtectionOfficerTrain- new and enlightening information to the
ingManual(POTM)originatedwiththebirthof security professional. Heir to this legacy, the
theInternationalFoundationforProtectionOffi- Professional Protection Officer is the leading text
cers(IFPO)in1988.Atotalof12dedicatedsecu- for protection officers and students. It is also
rity professionals from the United States and widelyusedbythoseteachinginProtectiveSer-
Canada had a vision: to create an organization vices, Criminal Justice, Homeland Security, or
thatwouldprovidemeaningfulcareeropportu- Emergency Managementcourses of study.
nities for line security officers internationally.
The newly formed IFPO Board of Directors
realized that a certification program was
DEDICATIONS
needed,alongwithaprofessionaltraining text-
book, to make that vision a reality. Hence, the
Ron Minion, CPP and IFPO Founder
first edition of POTM was created to serve as
the course text for the CPO program. IFPO, the Ron Minion (1938–2008) lost his battle with
CPOprogram,andPOTMallprovedtobevital Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2008. He was the man
components in achieving the foundation’s behind this book, one of the founders of IFPO,
objectives. a dedicated champion of the security industry,
xix
xx INTRODUCTION
and a tireless advocate for protection officers. at headquarters in Naples for a period of time.
His determination, and vision of professional- She proved to be an outstanding and valued
ism through training for the industry, has employeeaswell.ThankYOU!
resultedinabrighterfutureforscoresofsecurity
professionals, and will continue to do so in the
CONTENTS
future.
Ron was the first examined Certified Protec-
tionProfessionalinCanada.Hewasafounding Thisneweditionhas3unitsand45chapters.
member of the Calgary Chapter of the ASIS The contributors to this edition are among the
International, where he was a chapter chair best writers, academics, and practitioners in the
and regional vice president. As regional vice securitycommunity.Thistalentedgroupofpro-
president, he earned the president’s “award of fessionals has generously provided readers of
merit” for establishing ASIS chapters through- thissuperiortextbookwithuniqueopportunities
out Canada. In 2006, Security Magazine named toacquirecurrentassetprotectionandlifesafety
Ronasoneofthe25mostinfluentialexecutives. information.Thesewritersareoutstandingindi-
Ron’s legacy includes the thousands of line viduals who deserve recognition and apprecia-
security officers he employed and mentored tionfortheirservicetothesecuritycommunity.
over the years. He knew the industry from the The contents of this textbook are sometimes
groundfloorup,andneverlosthisvisionofpro- quitebasic.However,everysecuritysupervisor
vidingaffordabletrainingtosecurityofficersto and manager should fully understand all of
help them turn their mere jobs into viable theinformationcontainedhereintoprovidebet-
careers with brighter futures. Ron, our friend, ter leadership and interpretation of officer
mentor, industry advocate, and trusted col- responsibilities.
league, isgreatly missed. The material contained in each unit is
arranged to provide the reader with a smooth
flow of related security information.
IFPO Team
IFPOissupportedbyateamofsecuritypro-
GLOBAL CHALLENGES, NEW
fessionalsthroughouttheworldwho,yearafter
ROLES, AND
year, work diligently on behalf of the Founda-
RESPONSIBILITIES
tion and what it stands for. Because of these
men and women who are committed to excel-
lence and remain steadfast in their obligation Where once the term “security” might have
to high standards of service, IFPO continues to referred to the lone night watchman whose
besuccessful. We thank you. greatestadversarywasaburglarhopingtopick
AnextraspecialthankstoAliceGrime.Again a lock, those days are long gone. The night
hertalentshavemadethisbookevenbetter!Over watchman’srolewasviewedasmerelyajobthat
the years Alice has worked with our team on a didnotgarnermuchrespectinthecommunity.
numberofotherverysuccessfulbooks.Through Today’s security professionals are finding
herprofessionalrelentlesseffortsasaresearcher theirrolesgreatlyexpandedinnumerousarenas
and proof reader, the end product is superior worldwide, due, in part, to a much greater
becauseofhercontributions.Weindeedappreci- global threat and a reduction in public law
ate her efforts and her interest in assisting the enforcement protection. The current economic
IFPO meet it’s goals and objectives. We might situation has caused an increase in some types
addthatAliceoncewasapartofourIFPOteam of crimes. At the same time, those economic
INTRODUCTION xxi
realitieshavealsoforcedlocalmunicipalitiesto the industry. The latter more or less cements
reduce public law enforcement efforts through the impactof theformer.
layoffs or hiring freezes, even though the need Whilethequestformutualrespectandseam-
for moreprotection isgrowing. less cooperation between public and private
The threat of terrorism was spotlighted for security has improved over the years, it must
the United States and the world on 9/11, and remain an ongoing goal for both the private
is still an ever-present threat worldwide. It has andpublicsectors.Mutualrespectandcoopera-
andwillcontinuetoimpacttheindustry,partic- tion between public law enforcement and pri-
ularlyintheareasofresearchandriskmanage- vate security is essential to ensuring that
ment methodologies. security needsaremeteffectively.
Inrecentyears,cyberterrorism,whichthreatens Increasingly, security functions have been
infrastructureandservicesbyattackingcomputer contracted out to private security firms to fill
networksviatheInternet,hasbecomeaveryseri- the gap between what government can do and
ousthreat.Itcan,andhas,resultedinthelossofbil- what is needed. Private security firms are even
lions of dollars of proprietary information, and steppingintofilltherolesthatmilitaryperson-
compromiseddataatabroadrangeofinstitutions, neloncefilledonmilitaryinstallationsandeven
from government agencies to banks, credit card war zones. A new type of protection officer is
companies,andbusinessfirms.Companyexecu- increasingly stepping forward to fill the need,
tivesareacutelyawareofthedangerofdataloss, readytodealwithnewsituationsandchallenges
andnumerouslawsgovernwhatmustbedoneif astheycomealong,thankstoongoingeducation
data is compromised. Cyberterrorism not only and training.
putsdataatrisk,butcanalsoputessentialservices Currently, corporations that once relied on
and infrastructure at risk. Guarding against this thatnightwatchmantopatrolafenceassufficient
typeofthreatrequirescontinuingeducationabout protection are increasingly instituting their own
the ever-evolving risks, deterrents, prevention, in-house security departments. An integral part
and laws. Unlike the night watchman, who only of this overall protection process is the profes-
worried about physical security with its fences, sionalsecuritymanagerandsupervisor,comple-
gates,andaccesspoints,today’sprotectionofficer mentedwithasecuritystaffcapableofattending
mustalsoguardagainstanenemythatmovesat to the ongoing protection needs. Generally, cor-
thespeedoflight.Theprotectionofficermustnot porations require their security managers and
onlyprotectthephysicalpremisesandequipment supervisors to be well educated, trained, and
but also guard against an enemy that moves experienced. Private security firms are also
silentlytodisruptservices,incapacitateinfrastruc- demandingeducated,trainedprofessionals.
ture,andstealdata. Thenightwatchmanmighthavebeenableto
The National Fire Protection Association’s dohisjobwithlimitededucation,butintoday’s
(NFPA’s) “Guide for Premises Security” and ever-changing, challenging security climate,
“Standard for the Installation of Electronic Pre- professionalsmustbeeducatedandwelltrained
mises Security Systems” have both caused to fulfill their new, evolving, and demanding
changes that may not make news headlines roles. This new breed of security professional
but will certainly impact the industry. The for- is winning respect by proving that they are
mer will not affect the general public but fire skilledandverycapableofcarryingoutthemost
protection, security consultants, facility man- sophisticated, demanding roles. They are dedi-
agers, and insurance companies will be forced cated professionalswiththecredentialsneeded
to deal with it. ASIS International has already to keep themselves, their employers, and their
begun setting standards that have impacted employers’ assets from harm.
xxii INTRODUCTION
CPO PROGRAM Protectionofficershavemanytitles:security
guard,securityofficer,campuspolice,losspre-
ProfessionalProtectionOfficer:PracticalSecurity ventionofficer,crimepreventionofficer,retail
Strategies and Emerging Trends is the course text losspreventionagent,militarypolice,andsev-
for the CPO program, an internationally recog- eral others. They can work part time or full
nized certification for protectionofficers. time.Theycanbeassignedtoprotectaperson,
TheCPOdesignationisaprofessionalaccredita- a group of people, an office building, a net-
tionthatcanbeearnedbycompletingaself-paced work,astoreorfactory,andmanyotherassets
coursebasedonthistextbookeitherthroughtradi- in many locations. Some are armed; some are
tionalcorrespondenceorIFPO’sonlineplatform. unarmed. They can be employed as indepen-
In addition to having security experience or dentconsultants,byasecurityservicesagency,
the equivalent, a candidate must complete the by the military, by a state government, by the
following stages of progression to earn the federal government, and by other organiza-
CPO designation: tions.Theterm“protectionofficer”isnoteasy
to define. Titles vary, specific tasks vary, loca-
1. Submit application for enrollment.
tions vary, employers vary, but the one thing
2. Successfullycomplete a midterm
that all protection officers have in common is
examination.
that they are willing to take risks and put into
3. Successfullycomplete a supervised final
place preventive measures to protect tangible
examination. (A proctormay belocated
assets, such as buildings, intangible assets,
withinthe candidate’s organization or
such as data, and of course, the public. They
community.)
assume the risks so that others can go about
(Bothexaminationsarebasedonthecontents their business and not have to worry about
of thistextbook.) potential harm.
Thistextbookiswrittenasausefulreference
CERTIFIED PROTECTION for security supervisors, managers, and those
who teach; but the primary beneficiary is the
OFFICER (CPO) FINAL
student orworkingprotection officer.
CHALLENGE PROGRAM
The editors of the Professional Protec-
This book, The Professional Protection Officer: tion Officer: Practical Security Strategies
Practical Security Strategies and Emerging Trends, and Emerging Trends, Second Edition,
is also thetext fortheCPOFinalChallengepro- arehonoredtoworkwithsomanyacade-
gram,whichisthefast-trackmethodofobtaining micians, researchers, and outstanding
theCPOcertification.TheFinalChallengeoption security professionals since the planning
eliminatesthecourseofstudyandgoesdirectlyto ofthefirstedition.Thesetalentedauthors
thefinalexam,whichisthesameonethatispart are dedicated security professionals that
oftheCPOprogram.Questionsonthefinalexam have worked tirelessly in supporting,
comefromthematerialinthetextbook. promoting, and contributing to IFPO and
ContactIFPOformoreinformationregarding allofitsworthwhileprograms.“Wecould
theCPOand/orother programs. not have done itwithoutyou!”
CONCLUSION Sandi J.Davies andLawrence J.Fennelly
The term protection officer frequently appears
in thistextbook. What is aprotection officer?
