Table Of ContentTHE POPULATION CRISIS
AND THE USE
OF WORLD RESOURCES
WORLD ACADEMY OF ART AND SCIENCE
2
THE POPULATION CRISIS
AND THE USE
OF WORLD RESOURCES
edited by
STUART MUDD
Associate Editors
HUGO BOYKO, ROBERT C. COOK, LARRY NG, W. TAYLOR THOM JR.
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
1964
©SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIADORDRECIIT 1964
ORlGlNALLYPUBLISHEDBYUITGEVERIJDR W. JUNK, TIIEHAGUElN 1964
SOFTCOVER REPRlNT OF TIIE HARDCOVER 1ST EDITION 1964
ISBN 978-94-017-5645-7 ISBN 978-94-017-5910-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-5910-6
Contents
PREFACE on behalf of World Academy of Art and Science. . . . .. IX
PREFACE on behalf of Student Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. XI
Extract from an Address by Ambassadeur ADLAI E. STEVENSON at
the Annual Banquet of Planned Parenthood-World Population,
Tuesday evening, October 15, 1963, The Plaza Hotel, New York City XIII
INTRODUCTION
Earl BERTRAND RUSSELL: Population Pressure and War
Sir JULIAN HUXLEY: The Impen<,ling Crisis ..... . 6
PA RT I. THE POPULATION CRISIS
The Facts of Population Growth
C. LANGDON WHITE: Geography and the World's Population 15
ANNABELLE DESMOND: How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth ~ . 27
HAROLD F. DORN: World Population Growth: An International
Dilemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Economic, Social and Political Analysis
EUGENE R. BLACK: Address to Economic and Social Council of United
Nations, New York, April 24, 1961 • . • • . • • • . • • • • . •• 6}
J.
JOSEPH SPENGLER: The Economics of Population Growth . . . .. 71
J. MAYONE STYCOS: Problems of Fertility Control in Underdeveloped
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
PHILIP M. HAUSER: Demographic Dimensions of World Politics 109
ReBional Statements
IRENE B. T AEUBER: Asian Population: The Critical Decades 127
India
Quotations from Indian Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . 144
SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN: Extracts from an Inaugural Address to
the Third International Conference on Planned Parenthood
(Bombay: Family Planning Association ofIndia) . . . . . . . .. 146
vi CONTENTS
M. C. CHAGLA: The Population Crisis in India . . . . . . . . . .. 151
The Family Planning Program in India (Information Service of India) 155
Pakistan
SAID HASAN: Address at the Conference on the World Population
Crisis, New York, May II, 1961. • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . .• 162
United Arab Republic
HANNA RIZK: Population Growth and its Effect on Economic and
Social Goals in the United Arab Republic . . . . . . . . . 169
China
R. C. NORTH: Communist China and the Population Problem 176
Japan
IRENE B. TAEUBER: Japan's Population: Miracle, Model or Case Study? 188
Latin America
RONALD HILTON: The Population Explosion in Latin America. . .. 197
ROBERT C. COOK & KAYAL GULHATI: Housing and Population Growth
in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. . . . . . . . . . 219
United States of America
LINCOLN H. DAY: The American Fertility Cult 23
Biolo8Y and Population
The Promise of Research
WARREN O. NELSON: Current Approaches to the Biological Control of
Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241
GREGORY PINCUS: Research Involving Aspects of Mammalian Egg
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 253
ALAN F. GUTTMACHER: The Place of Sterilization . . . . . . . . .. 268
JEROME M. KUMMER: The Problems of Abortion. The Personal Popu
lation Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 274
Prospects for the Future
JOHN E. GORDON & HAZEL ELKINGTON: Public Health in an Overpopu
lated World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282
ABRAM BLAu, The Unwanted Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 293
FREDERICK OSBORN: The Protection and Improvement of Man's
Genetic Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
HERMANN J. MULLER: Better Genes for Tomorrow . . . . . . . . . 314
Action Pro8rams
BROCK CHISHOLM: The Problem of New Problems . . . . . 341
General Assembly Resolution on Population Growth and Econo-
mic Development .............. . . . . . 344
RICHARD N. GARDNER: The Politics of Population: A Blueprint for
International Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 347
D. S. GREENBERG: Birth Control: Swedish Help to Underdeveloped
Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359
CONTENTS vii
CLARENCE J. GAMBLE: The Initiation of Contraceptive Services. 363
GEORGE W. CADBURY: The Role of the International Planned Parent-
hood Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Final Report on "The Population Dilemma". . . . . . . 373
P ART II. THE USE OF WORLD RESOURCES
HUGO BOYKO: Introductory Note to P. Auger's Proposal. . . . . .. 381
PIERRE AUGER: Plan of an Institute of Studies for the Better Utilization
of the Globe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 382
C. S. CHRISTIAN: The Use and Abuse of land and Water. . . . . .. 387
JOSEPH 1. FISHER & ROGER REVELLE: Natural Resources, Policies and
Planning for Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . 407
ROBERT C. COOK: Design for a Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 422
HENRY B. VAN lOON: Population, Space and Human Culture. . . . . 424
SANFORD S. FARNESS: Better living Through Conservation Planning. 434
HUDSON HOAGLAND: The Unit of Survival is the Human Race. . . . 442
ROBERT C. COOK: Population and Food Supply. . . . . . . . . .. 451
CARL-GO RAN HEmiN: Research in Biotechnology: A Factor in Ad-
vancing the Technically Underdeveloped Countries . . . . . . . 478
ROBERT C. AXTMANN: An Appraisal of the Future of Nuclear Energy. 488
W. TAYLOR THOM, JR.: The Discovery, Development and Constructive
Use of W orId Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
APPENDIX
Announcement 539
List of Fellows 541
Index 551
Preface
Among the dramatic changes in human ecology which have been brought
about by the unprecedented and accelerating growth of the sciences and
technology, two stand out as presenting problems of peculiar scope and
urgency. First, of course, are those resulting from the liberation of fission
and fusion energies of the atom; these are the subjects of daily discussion,
anxiety and hope, and will not be further considered here beyond pointing
out that they are intimately, if subtly, interwoven with the second great
category of change. This category comprises the profound ecologica
disequilibrium brought about by the world-wide application of scientific
medicine and public health to reduction of death rates without corre
sponding reduction of birth rates. The resulting explosive increase in popu
lations, in particular in the developing regions of the world, which is
outpacing any practicable increase of resources, is a cause of grave concern
to every thoughtful observer of human ecology. The two categories are
interwoven because the pressure of population growth on natural re
sources has throughout history been an exciting cause of aggressive and
often military expansion and warfare.
The choice of the population crisis and the use of world resources as the
subject of Volume II of the World Academy of Art and Science was by vote
of the charter members of the Academy. The student participation is
explained in the second preface by Mr. NG. We are well aware that much
has been said and written both on population and on natural resources. We
offer no royal road out of the wilderness. However, we do dare hope that a
balanced discussion of both facets of the question by authors of highest
experience and competence may offer some useful guide lines toward
rational policies.
It is a curious fact that the profound ecological disequilibrium we are
faCing is in large measure an unforeseen consequence of the very triumphs
of the sciences and of their application to human welfare by the great
international agencies such as WHO nd UNICEF, the philanthropic
x PREFACE
foundations and progressive governments. Must we suppose that these
same beneficent agencies and persons will pass by this crisis of our time with
averted eyes? The editors refuse to accept so defeatist a view. There is hope
if we will openly face the problems.
STUART MUDD, Editor
HUGO BOYKO
ROBERT C. COOK
LARRY NG
w.
TAYLOR THOM, Jr., Associate Editors
Preface
This book represents the culmination of two separate efforts. The World
Academy of Art and Science more than two years ago decided that the
topic of their second volume should be the global population problem,
considering it as "the most critical subject with which we could deal." It
was probably no coincidence that at about the same time a group of under
graduate students at Stanford University, during an informal discussion,
expressed concern over the world's population situation. It was certainly
not expertise that led us to our expression of concern. Rather, it was
prompted by a somewhat reluctant realization that our generation will be
the one which will experience the effects of the population explosion, and
any action that has to be taken must ultimately come from this particular
generation. But intelligent action presumes knowledge and understanding
of the situation, both of which we found to be conspicuously lacking.
Clearly something should be done about this, but what?
Individual research and consultation with faculty members at Stanford
convinced us that the most effective action would be to publish a col
lection of articles, written by leading authorities. In publishing such a
collection, an unique effort will have been realized. In its idealistic aspect,
such a book should represent the collaborative efforts of both the expert
and the beginner working together on a common human problem. In its
more pragmatic aspect, the book should serve to acquaint the student with
the situation and hopefully to stimulate intelligent thought on the subject.
Such are the separate beginnings of both the World Academy of Art and
Science and student projects. One soon came to learn of the other's under
taking. A meeting clearly disclosed the wisdom of pooling our assets. Our
conclusion was that in so doing we would be using the manuscripts that
we have to the best possible advantage. In this joint effort, we hope that the
original purpose underlying our endeavour will not be forgotten: namely,
that the younger generation is indeed concerned with the rapid expansion
of population, and that this generation is doing something about it.
