The Politics of Space: A Survey

381 Pages·2010·2.665 MB·English

by  Eligar Sadeh

THE POLITICS OF
SPACE

THE POLITICS OF
SPACE
A SURVEY
FIRST EDITION
Editor: Eligar Sadeh
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011.
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Foreword
The goal of this volume, The Politics of Space: A Survey, is to provide an
overview of the politics of space as played out among national space efforts,
and national and international organizations. The development and explora-
tion of space are scientific and engineering pursuits. However, politics
determine which space programmes and projects are pursued, and establish
cost, performance and schedule parameters for these ends.
This volume consists of three parts. The first comprises essays on different
aspects of space policy. The first essay provides an explanation of space poli-
tics that often interfere with rational outcomes, leading to space programmes
that are not well optimized, cost too much, and are not on schedule. The
chapter draws on the examples of space politics in the USA and the politics
related to national security space, export controls of space technologies, and
thedevelopmentofspacelaunch.Thesecondessayelaboratesonthenational
security space sector of the USA. Since the rise of the space age, especially
beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, the USA developed the dominant military
spaceprogrammeintheworldfor thepurposes of warfare.Today,theUSAis
critically dependent on military space assets in the modern theatre of warfare
and for providing security and intelligence.
The third essay examines the progress of development in major spacefaring
states and multinational organizations other than the USA. These include
Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the European
Space Agency, the European Union, India, the People’s Republic of China,
JapanandIsrael.Clearly,spacecapabilitieshaveproliferatedworld-widesince
the early dominance of the USA and former Soviet Union in the 1950s and
1960s. Indicative of this trend in proliferation, the fourth essay examines the
space politics and unique role of moderate space powers in international
relations, with the example of Canada, and those in developmental stages,
such as Brazil and the Republic of Korea.
Following this, the fifth essay focuses on commercial space actors in the
USA. Since the 1960s and the rise of commercial satellite communications,
these actors have influenced space politics, whereby national space efforts, in
the USA and in other spacefaring states, have sought to foster commercial
and business opportunities in space. The last three essays examine the role of
both governmental and non-governmental organizations. These organizations
are important components of the political, economic and social environment
of space activities.
v
FOREWORD
The second part of this volume, an A–Z glossary, surveys space-related
civil, commercial and military actors. There is a plethora of such organiza-
tions across these sectorsworld-wide, and this survey provides an overviewof
their history and development. To illustrate, the largest international organi-
zationinthespacearena,theInternationalAstronauticalFederation,currently
consists of 198 member organizations from 53 different countries.
The third section of the volume provides figures, tables and documentation
on key issues of space politics. Important figures include: models of space
political processes; issues related to national security space management,
challenges and environment; geopolitics of space; and the dynamics of rela-
tions between the governmental and commercial space sectors. Tables of
significance highlight programmatic attributes of national security space,
comparisons in the development of space programmes among states world-
wide,and thefunctions androlesofinternationalorganizationsthatdealwith
space. Documentation is focused on the key outcome of the political process,
encompassing excerpts from a number of important space law documents.
This volume is intended for education and reference. It is useful for stu-
dents of space policy, academic scholars and policy analysts at think tanks
and research institutes, senior management and policy officials from interna-
tional and governmental agencies and departments relevant to space issues,
military officers and operators in relevant units, commands and in staff col-
legesandserviceacademies,seniormanagementandpolicyofficialsfrommajor
aerospace corporations and scientists and engineers interested or involved in
space policy issues.
Eligar Sadeh
August 2010
vi
Contents
Illustrations and Documentation viii
Acknowledgements x
The Contributors xi
Abbreviations xiv
ESSAYS 1
Politics of Space 3
ELIGAR SADEH
National Security Space 29
PETER L. HAYS
Developed Space Programmes 58
LAURENCE NARDON
Moderate Space Powers 77
WADE L. HUNTLEY
Commercial Space Actors 104
DAVID D. CHEN AND MOLLY K. MACAULEY
International Organizations in Civil Space Affairs 120
HENRY R. HERTZFELD
Non-governmental Space Organizations 143
JAMES A. VEDDA
Public Sector Actors 161
ROGER B. HANDBERG
A–Z GLOSSARY OF SPACE ORGANIZATION 175
ELIGAR SADEH AND CRIS SADEH
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Illustrations and Documentation
FIGURES
1.1 Space Politics and Policy 311
1.2 Space Policy Implementation 312
1.3 National Security Space Community 312
1.4 Proposed National Security Space Authority 314
2.1 Investment in National Security Space Programmes 315
2.2 Challenges of the Global Security Environment 316
4.1 Geopolitics of Space 318
5.1 Risk to Commercial Return Relationship 319
TABLES
2.1 Space-Enabled Reconnaissance Strike Complex 323
2.2 Force Enhancement Space Systems 324
2.3 Attributes of Military Space Doctrines 325
4.1 Moderate State Civil Satellites 326
4.2 Moderate State Military Satellites 329
4.3 Moderate State Space Programmes 330
6.1 Functions of Selected Bodies in the United Nations 332
6.2 United Nations Treaties and Resolutions of Space Law 333
6.3 Regional Space Organizations 334
6.4 Global Space Organizations 336
8.1 Government Sector Interventions in Space 338
DOCUMENTATION
6.1 International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 341
6.2 European Space Agency 342
6.3 European Space Policy 343
6.4 Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization 344
6.5 International Telecommunication Union 344
6.6 World Meteorological Organization 345
6.7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites 345
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ILLUSTRATIONSANDDOCUMENTATION
6.8 Global Earth Observation System of Systems 346
6.9 Space and Major Disasters 348
6.10 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee 348
6.11 Wassenaar Arrangement 349
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