Table Of ContentTHE POLITICS OF GLOBAL
HEALTH GOVERNANCE
Mark Zacher: Publications
Dag Hammarskjold’s United Nations(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
Canadian Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea (Vancouver: University of British
Columbia Press, 1977) (coeditor with Barbara Johnson).
International Conflicts and Collective Security, 1946–77: The United Nations,
Organization of American States, Organization of African Unity, and Arab League(New
York: Praeger, 1979).
Pollution, Politics and International Law: Tankers at Sea (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1979) (with R. Michael M’Gonigle).
“The GATT and the Regulation of Trade Barriers: Regime Dynamics and
Functions,” International Organization 35 (Autumn 1981): 56l–602. [Reprinted in
Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1983), pp 273–314] (with Jock A. Finlayson).
“Trade Gaps, Analytical Gaps: Regime Analysis and International Commodity
Trade Regulations,” International Organization41 (Spring 1987): 173–202.
“The United Nations and Collective Security: Retrospect and Prospect,” in
T.B.Gati, ed., The US, the UN, and the Management of Global Change(New York:
New York University Press, 1983), pp. 162–83 (with Jock A. Finlayson).
Managing International Markets: Developing Countries and the Commodity Trade Regime
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) (with Jock A. Finlayson).
“Down to the Sea with Stakes: The Evolving Law of the Sea and the Future of the
Deep Seabed Regime,” Ocean Development and International Law21 (1990): 71–103
(first author; with James McConnell).
“The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple: Implications for International
Order and Governance,” in James Rosenau, ed., Governance without Government
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 58–101.
Canadian Foreign Policy and International Economic Regimes(Vancouver: UBC Press,
1992) (coeditor with Claire Cutler).
The International Political Economy of Natural Resources (2 vols.) (London: Edward
Elgar, 1992) (editor). “Multilateral Organizations and the Institution of
Multilateralism: The International Regimes for Non-terrestrial Spaces,” in John G.
Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 399–442.
“Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands,” in Charles
Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal
Challenge(New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), pp. 107–149 (first author; with Richard A.
Matthew).
Governing Global Networks: International Regimes for Transportation and Communications
(Cambridge University Press, 1996) (first author; with Brent Sutton).
“Mutual Interests, Normative Continuities, and Regime Theory: Cooperation in
International Transportation and Communications Industries,” European Journal of
International Relations2 (Spring 1996): 5–46 (with Brent Sutton).
“The Global Economy and the International Political Order: Some Diverse and
Pardoxical Relationships,” in Thomas Courchene, ed., The Nation State in a
Global/Information Era: Policy Challenges(Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for
the Study of Economic Policy, 1997), pp. 67–82.
“Epidemiological Surveillance: International Cooperation to Monitor Infectious
Diseases,” in Inge Kaul, Marc Stern, and Isabelle Grunberg, eds., Global Public
Goods(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 268–85.
“Uniting Nations: Global Regimes and the UN System,” in Raimo Vayrynen,
ed., Global Governance (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999),
pp.47–66.
The United Nations and Global Commerce(New York: United Nations, 1999).
“The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force,”
International Organization55 (Spring 2001): 215–50.
“Capitalism, Technology, and Liberalization: The International Telecom-
munications Regime, 1865–1998,” in James N. Rosenau and J.P. Singh, eds.,
Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and
Governance(State University of New York Press, 2002), pp. 189–210.
“The International Health Regulations in Historical Perspective,” in Andrew
Price-Smith, Plagues and Politics: Infectious Diseases and International Policy (New
York: Palgrave/St. Martin’s, 2002) (second author; with Simon Carvalho).
“The Conundrums of Power Sharing: The Politics of Security Council Reform”
(Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development, Department of
Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 28, 2003) (www.dfait-maeci,
gc.ca/cfp-pec/library/Zacher-en.asp).
“International Health Governance—Surveillance, Regulation, and Material
Assistance: Trends and Lessons for the Future” (Ottawa: External Advisory
Committee on Smart Regulation, Privy Council Office, November 2003)
(www.smartregulation.gc.ca/en/06/01/su-12.asp).
The United Nations and Global Security(New York: Palgrave, 2004) (coedited with
Richard Price).
“The Conundrums of Power Sharing: The Politics of UN Security Council
Reform,” in Price and Zacher, eds., The United Nations and Global Security (New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 211–226.
“Human Security and International Collaboration: Lessons from Public Goods
Theory,” in Lincoln Chen, Sakido Fukuda-Parr and Ellen Seidenbsticker, eds.,
Human Insecurity in a Global World(Cambridge, MA: Global Equity Initiative, Asia
Center, Harvard University, 2003) (coauthored with Fen Hampson).
“Human Security and Global Governance,” in Chantal de Jonge Andraat, ed.,
Transatlantic Relations and Global Governance (Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins
School of Advanced International Studies, 2006) (with Brian Job).
“The Transformation of Global Health Collaboration since the 1990s,” in Andrew F.
Cooper, John J. Kirton, and Ted Schrecker, eds., Governing Global Health:
Challenge, Response, Innovation(Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007), p. 1528.
THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL
HEALTH GOVERNANCE
UNITED BY CONTAGION
Mark W. Zacher
and
Tania J. Keefe
THEPOLITICSOFGLOBALHEALTHGOVERNANCE
Copyright © Mark W. Zacher and Tania J. Keefe, 2008.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60589-3
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproducedin any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case ofbrief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2008 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-37329-1 ISBN 978-0-230-61195-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230611955
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zacher, Mark W.
The politics of global health governance : united by contagion / by
Mark W. Zacher, Tania J. Keefe.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Medical policy––International cooperation. 2. Communicable
diseases––Congrol––International cooperation. 3. World health. I. Keefe,
Tania J. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Communicable Disease Control––methods. 2. Health Policy.
3. International Cooperation. 4. World Health. WA 110 Z16p 2008]
RA394.Z33 2008
362.1––dc22 2007047295
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: May 2008
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
1. Overview of Infectious Diseases and
Analytical Framework 1
Global Impacts of Disease: Historical Overview 2
Global Impacts of Disease: Contemporary Overview 9
Analytical Framework of the Study 15
Describing International Governance 15
Explaining International Governance 18
Framework of the Following Chapters 22
2. Global Health Governance in the Twentieth Century 25
The Early International Sanitary Conferences: 1851–1897 27
The Formative Years of the Health Regime: 1900–1990 33
Developments between 1900 and 1945 33
Developments between 1946 and 1990 38
The Strategic Development of Global Health Governance 40
3. Disease Containment: Surveillance Systems,
Emergency Responses, and Transborder Regulations 43
Advances in Global Surveillance Capabilities 46
Overview of Emergency Multilateral Interventions 50
The Actors 51
The Outbreaks 54
The 2005 IHR: Rule-Making for Contemporary Global Health 64
Conclusion 72
4. Disease Control: Transformation of
Health Assistance Programs 77
Trends in Health Assistance 77
viii CONTENTS
Overview of Actors 84
States 84
International Organizations 85
Development Banks 87
NGOs 90
Foundations 93
Private Businesses 94
Methods for Providing Assistance 95
Conclusion 104
5. Disease Cures: International Patent Law and
Access to Essential Medicines 107
WTO Agreements and the Access Issue 109
Major Political and Legal Events 115
The Brazil Case 116
The South Africa Case 116
The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health 118
WTO Decision on Paragraph 6 of Doha 120
NGOs and Essential Medicines: Changing the
Nature of the Debate 122
Conclusion: The Evolution of Access 124
6. Health and Global Governance:
Concluding Perspectives 129
Major Characteristics of Contemporary
Global Health Governance 130
Factors That Shape Global Health Governance 135
Reflections on the Study of Global Governance 139
Appendix A: Tables 143
Appendix B: Summary Descriptions of Diseases 153
Notes 183
Bibliography 215
Index 235
TABLES
Appendix A
1. Diseases ranked by average number of infections per year 143
2. Diseases ranked by average number of deaths per year 145
3. Concentration of diseases in developed and developing regions 146
4. Availability of vaccines and drugs 148
5. Mortality rates 149
