The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

81 Pages·2017·1.24 MB·English

by  William N. Setzer

medicines
Review
The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic
Medicinal Plants
WilliamN.Setzer1,2
1 DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofAlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,AL35899,USA;
[email protected];Tel.:[phone]
2 AromaticPlantResearchCenter,230N1200E,Suite102,Lehi,UT84043,USA
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:1)
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)
Received:25October2018;Accepted:8November2018;Published:12November2018
Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating
diseases,ailments,andinjuries. Cherokeetraditionalmedicinehasprovidednumerousaromaticand
medicinalplantsthatnotonlywereusedbytheCherokeepeople,butwerealsoadoptedforuseby
EuropeansettlersinNorthAmerica. Methods: TheaimofthisreviewwastoexaminetheCherokee
ethnobotanicalliteratureandthepublishedphytochemicalinvestigationsonCherokeemedicinal
plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities.
Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including,
for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng
(Panaxquinquefolius),andblueskullcap(Scutellarialateriflora). Thisreviewpresentsasummaryof
thetraditionaluses,phytochemicalconstituents,andbiologicalactivitiesofCherokeearomaticand
medicinalplants. Conclusions: Thelistisnotcomplete,however,asthereisstillmuchworkneeded
inphytochemicalinvestigationandpharmacologicalevaluationofmanytraditionalherbalmedicines.
Keywords:Cherokee;NativeAmerican;traditionalherbalmedicine;chemicalconstituents;pharmacology
1. Introduction
Naturalproductshavebeenanimportantsourceofmedicinalagentsthroughouthistoryand
modernmedicinecontinuestorelyontraditionalknowledgefortreatmentofhumanmaladies[1].
TraditionalmedicinessuchasTraditionalChineseMedicine[2],Ayurvedic[3],andmedicinalplants
fromLatinAmerica[4]haveproventoberichresourcesofbiologicallyactivecompoundsandpotential
newdrugs. Severalplant-deriveddrugsareinusetoday,including,forexample,vinblastine(from
Catharanthusroseus(L.)G.Don,usedtotreatchildhoodleukemia);paclitaxel(fromTaxusbrevifoliaNutt.,
usedtotreatovariancancer);morphine(fromPapaversomniferumL.,usedtotreatpain);andquinine
(fromCinchonaspp.,usedtotreatmalaria)[5]. Notonlyarephytochemicalsusefulmedicinesintheir
ownright,butcompoundsderivedfromthemorinspiredbythemhavebecomeusefulmedicines[6,7].
Forexample,ArtemisiaannuaL.,aplantoriginallyusedinTraditionalChineseMedicinetotreatfever,
isthesourceofartemisinin,aclinically-usefulantimalarialsesquiterpenoid[8];theantihypertensive
drug reserpine, isolated from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz., has been used
in Ayurveda to treat insanity, epilepsy, insomnia, hysteria, eclampsia, as well as hypertension [9];
Dysphaniaambrosioides(L.)MosyakinandClemants(syn.ChenopodiumambrosioidesL.)isusedinseveral
Latin American cultures as an internal anthelmintic and external antiparasitic [4] and has shown
promisefortreatmentofcutaneousleishmaniasis[10]. ThebiologicalactivityofD.ambrosioideshas
beenattributedtothemonoterpenoidendoperoxideascaridole.
Unfortunately,muchofthetraditionalmedicineknowledgeofNativeNorthAmericanpeoples
hasbeenlostduetopopulationdecimationanddisplacementfromtheirnativelandsbyEuropean
conquerors (see, for example: [11–14]). Nevertheless, there are still some remaining sources of
Medicines2018,5,121;doi:10.3390/medicines5040121 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines
Medicines 2018, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 90
Unfortunately, much of the traditional medicine knowledge of Native North American peoples
Medicines2018,5,121 2of81
has been lost due to population decimation and displacement from their native lands by European
conquerors (see, for example: [11–14]). Nevertheless, there are still some remaining sources of
information about Native American ethnobotany [15,16]. In addition, there are several sources of
information about Native American ethnobotany [15,16]. In addition, there are several sources of
Cherokeeethnobotany[17–22].
Cherokee ethnobotany [17–22].
The Cherokee Native Americans are a tribe of Iroquoian-language people who lived in the
The Cherokee Native Americans are a tribe of Iroquoian-language people who lived in the
southernpartoftheAppalachianMountainregioninpresent-daynorthernGeorgia,easternTennessee,
southern part of the Appalachian Mountain region in present-day northern Georgia, eastern
and western North Carolina and South Carolina at the time of European contact [13] (Figure 1A).
Tennessee, and western North Carolina and South Carolina at the time of European contact [13]
During and after the American Revolution, Cherokee wars with European settlers resulted in the
(Figure 1A). During and after the American Revolution, Cherokee wars with European settlers
rseusrureltnedde irn othfev sausrtraemndoeurn otfs voafstt earmriotournyt.s oGfo tledrrwitoarsyd. Gisoclodv weraesd doisncoCvheerreodk oene Clahnedroiknene olarnthd Gine noorgrtiha
Ganedortghiea Tanreda ttyheo TfrNeaetwy oEfc Nhoetwa E(1c8h3o5t)a c(e1d83e5d) acelldCedh earlol kCeheerlaonkdeee laasntdo efatsht eofM thises iMssiispspisisiRpipvie Rritvoert htoe
tUhne iUtenditSetda tSetsa.tCeso. nCgornesgsrepsass pseadsstehde tIhned IinandiRanem RoemvaolvAacl tAinct 1i8n3 108,3a0n, danthde thfoer fcoerdceedv iecvtiiocntioonf aosf masa mnyanays
1a6s ,1060,000C0h Cerhoekroeeketoe otokopkl apclaecdeu druinrigntgh tehfea flallal nadndw winitnetrero off1 1883388––11883399t otoa an neeww tteerrrriittoorryy iinn nnoorrtthh--eeaasstteerrnn
OOkkllaahhoommaa ((FFiibbuurree 11BB)).. DDuurriinngg tthhiiss ““TTrraaiill ooff TTeeaarrss””,, aann eessttiimmaatteedd oonnee--ffoouurrtthh ooff tthhee CChheerrookkeeee ddiieedd..
HHoowweevveerr,, aatt tthhee ttiimmee ooff tthhee rreemmoovvaall,, aa ffeeww hhuunnddrreedd CChheerrookkeeee ssuucccceessssffuullllyy eessccaappeedd ttoo tthhee mmoouunnttaaiinnss
ooff wweesstteerrnn NNoorrtthh CCaarroolliinnaa,, ffoorrmmiinngg wwhhaatt iiss nnooww tthhee EEaasstteerrnn BBaanndd ooff CChheerrookkeeee IInnddiiaannss..
IInn tthhiiss rreevviieeww,, II hhaavvee ccoonnssuulltteedd tthhee eetthhnnoobboottaanniiccaall ssoouurrcceess ffoorr ppllaannttss uusseedd iinn CChheerrookkeeee
ttrraaddiittiioonnaall mmeeddiicciinnee [[1155––2244]] aanndd II hhaavvee ccaarrrriieedd oouutt aa lliitteerraattuurree sseeaarrcchh uussiinngg GGooooggllee SScchhoollaarr,, PPuubbMMeedd,,
RReesseeaarrcchhGGaattee,, aanndd SScciieennccee DDiirreecctt ffoorr pphhyyttoocchheemmiiccaall aannaallyysseess oonn tthhee ppllaanntt ssppeecciieess.. NNoottee tthhaatt iinn mmaannyy
iinnssttaanncceess,, tthhee pphhyyttoocchheemmiissttrryy wwaass ddeetteerrmmiinneedd bbyy ppllaannttss nnoott ccoolllleecctteedd iinn tthhee ssoouutthh--eeaasstteerrnn UUnniitteedd
SSttaatteess;; mmaannyyo offt hthees psepceiceisehs ahvaevbee beneeinn tirnotdruocdeudcetod ottoh eorthpearr tpsaorfttsh oefw thoerl dwaonrdlds oamnde ssopmeceie sspaerecinesa taivree
ntoatoivthee troc ootnhteinr ecnotnstibneesnidtse bseNsiodretsh NAomrtehr iAcam.eTrhicea.p Thhyeto pchhyetmocihstermy,itshtreyr,e tfhoerree,fmoraey, mbeaya fbfee catfefdecbteydt bhye
tdhieff edreinfftergeenotg rgaepohgicraaplahnicdalc liamndat icclcimonadtiicti ocnosn[d2i5t]i.onSos u[r2c5es]. reSpoourrtcinegs trheeppohrtyintogc htehme icpalhcyotoncshtietumeinctasl,
creognasrtditlueesnstosf, rgeegoagrrdalpehssic oafl goeriogginra,phhaivcealb oereingiinn,c hluadveed b.een included.

(A)
Figure1.Cont.
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Medicines 2018, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 90

(B)
FFiigguurree 11.. CChheerrookkeeee tteerrrriittoorriiaall llaannddss [[2266]].. ((AA)) ′(cid:48)′(cid:48)MMaapp ooff tthhee ffoorrmmeerr tteerrrriittoorriiaall lliimmiittss ooff tthhee CChheerrookkeeee
′(cid:48)NNaattiioonn ooff′(cid:48) IInnddiiaannss′(cid:48)′(cid:48), ,ii..ee..,, pprriioorr ttoo ddiissppllaacceemmeenntt ooff EEuurroo--AAmmeerriiccaannss.. ((BB)) (cid:48)′′(cid:48)MMaapp sshhoowwiinngg tthhee tteerrrriittoorryy
oorriiggiinnaallllyy aassssiiggnneedd CChheerrookkeeee (cid:48)′NNaattiioonn ooff(cid:48)′ IInnddiiaannss(cid:48)′′(cid:48),, ii..ee..,, aafftteerr tthhee ffoorrcciibbllee rreellooccaattiioonn kknnoowwnn aass tthhee (cid:48)′′(cid:48)TTrraaiill
ooff TTeeaarrss””..
2. CherokeeAromaticMedicinalPlantsandTheirPhytochemicalConstituents
2. Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants and Their Phytochemical Constituents
TheplantsusedbytheCherokeepeoplefortraditionalmedicinesforwhichthephytochemistry
The plants used by the Cherokee people for traditional medicines for which the phytochemistry
hasbeeninvestigatedaresummarizedinTable1.
has been investigated are summarized in Table 1.
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Table1.ListofCherokeearomaticmedicinalplants,theirtraditionaluses,andphytochemicalconstituentsandbiologicalactivities.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
analgesic(cramps),eye
AcerrubrumL. Sapindaceae Redmaple bark [15]
soreness
Leaves:1-O-galloyl-α-L-rhamnose,1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,gallic
[27]
acid,methylgallate,ethylgallate,m-digallate,ethyldigallate
Leaves:gallicacid,methylgallate,ethylgallate,m-digallate,ethyl
m-digallate,1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,1-O-galloyl-α-L-rhamnose,
kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucoside,kaempferol3-O-β-D-galactoside,
[28]
kaempferol3-O-β-L-rhamnoside,kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoglucoside,
quercetin3-O-β-D-glucoside,quercetin3-O-β-L-rhamnosideand
quercetin
Leaves:majorgallotannins:maplexinB,ginnalinB,ginnalinC,
ginnalinA,maplexinFandapairofisomers,
6-O-digalloyl-2-O-galloyl-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitoland [29]
2-O-digalloyl-6-O-galloyl-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol;ginnalinAwas
thepredominantgallotannin
Bark:catechin,epicatechin,epicatechingallate,procyanidinA6,
procyanidinA2,quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,
quercetin-3-O-(3(cid:48)(cid:48)-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,
quercetin-3-O-(2(cid:48)(cid:48)-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,
nortrachelogenin-8(cid:48)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, [30]
7,8-dihydroxy-6-ethoxycoumarin,phloridzin,methylvanillate,
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoicacid,and
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-β-D-(6(cid:48)-O-galloyl)-
glucopyranoside
Bark:gallotannins,namedmaplexinsA–E;showedα-glucosidase
[31]
inhibitoryactivity
Bark:gallotannins,maplexinsF–I;phenolicglycosides,
rubrumosidesA–B.Themaplexinsshowedα-glucosidaseinhibitory [32]
activity
Bark:MaplexinsCandDshowedcytotoxicactivityonHCT-116and
[33]
MCF-7cells
Leavesandflowers:2-methoxyl-1-O-galloyl-myo-inositol,
1-O-(3(cid:48)-methoxyl-galloyl)-β-D-glucose [34]
analgesic(cramps),eye
AcersaccharinumL. Sapindaceae Silvermaple bark [15]
soreness
Leaves:methylgallate;cytotoxictoB16melanomainmice [35]
Leaves:glucitol-corecontaininggallotannins(GCGs),ginnalinsA–C,
maplexinsB,D,andF;phenolics,methylsyringate,methylgallate,
[36]
and3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-β-D-(6-galloyl)-glucopyranoside;
sesquiterpenoidpubineroidA
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Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
hemorrhages(leaves),fever
AchilleamillefoliumL. Asteraceae Yarrow leaves [15]
(infusion)
Herb:5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4(cid:48)-tetramethoxyflavone,artemetin,casticin [37]
Herb:chlorogenicacid,vicenin-2,luteolin-7-O-glucoside,rutin,
[38]
apigenin-7-O-glucoside,luteolin,andapigenin
Herb:apigenin,luteolin,centaureidin,β-sitosterol,
3β-hydroxy-11α,13-dihydro-costunolide,desacetylmatricarin, [39]
leucodin,achillin,8α-angeloxy-leucodinand8α-angeloxy-achillin
Herb:chlorogenicacid,rutin,luteolin7-O-glucoside,
1,3-dicaffeoylquinicacid,1,4-dicaffeoylquinicacid,
3,4-dicaffeoylquinicacid,apigenin4(cid:48)-O-glucoside,apigenin
7-O-glucoside,luteolin4(cid:48)-O-glucoside,3,5-dicaffeoylquinicacid; [40]
luteolinandapigenin7-O-glucosideshowednotableantiplasmodial
activity
Herb:5-O-caffeoylquinicacid,quercetinO-hexoside,
3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinicacid,quercetinO-acetylhexoside,
cis-3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinicacid,trans-3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinicacid, [41]
4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinicacid,apigenin7-O-glucoside,luteolin
O-acetylhexoside,apigeninO-acetylhexoside
Herb:chlorogenicacid,3,5-dicaffeoylquinicacid,4,5-dicaffeoyl
[42]
quinicacid,apigenin7-O-glucoside,luteolin
Flowers:methylachimillateA,methylachimillateB,methyl
achimillateC;allthreecompoundsactiveagainstP-388leukemia [43]
invivo(mouse)
Herb:dihydrodehydrodiconiferylalcohol9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
apigenin,apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,luteolin,
luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
luteolin-4(cid:48)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,rutin,3,5-dicaffeoylquinicacid, [44]
andchlorogenicacid;apigeninandluteolinshowedinvitro
estrogenicactivity
Herb:hydroalcoholicextractshowedantinociceptiveactivity [45]
Herb:rutin,schaftoside,isoschaftoside,luteolin-7-O-glucoside
(major),apigenin-7-O-glucoside(major),
[46]
luteolin-7-malonylglucoside,apigenin-7-malonylglucoside,luteolin,
apigenin
Herb:fiveflavonoids(apigenin,luteolin,centaureidin,casticinand
artemetin)andfivesesquiterpenoids(paulitin,isopaulitin,
psilostachyinC,desacetylmatricarinandsintenin);centaureidin, [47]
casticin,andpaulitinshowedgoodinvitrocytotoxicactivityon
HeLa,MCF-7,andA-431cells
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Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
HerbEO:1,8-cineole(24.6%),camphor(16.7%),α-terpineol(10.2%);
weakantimicrobialactivityonStreptococcuspneumoniae,Clostridium [48]
perfringens,andCandidaalbicans
HerbEO:germacreneD(6.1%),chamazulene(48.3%);shows
[49]
antitrypanosomalactivity(Trypanosomacruzi)
HerbEO:α-pinene(0.6–10.0%),camphene(0.4–15.4%),β-pinene
(1.9–38.7%),limonene(1.4–3.8%),γ-terpinene(3.5–13.1%),
[50]
β-caryophyllene(4.4–13.8%),germacreneD(1.7–10.7%),cadinene
(0.7–32.2%)
HerbsupercriticalCO2extract:myrcene(4.9%),p-cymene(5.4%),
1,8-cineole(16.2%),γ-terpinene(9.4%),camphor(38.4%),bornyl [51]
acetate(4.3%)
HerbEO:β-pinene(4.3%),1,8-cineole(15.2%),β-cubebene(4.0%),
[52]
germacreneD(14.1%),τ-cadinol(4.4%)
HerbEO:sabinene(5.4%),1,8-cineole(24.5%),trans-sabinene
hydrate(10.2%),cis-sabinenehydrate(4.6%),camphor(4.9%), [53]
terpinen-4-ol(5.6%),bornylacetate(4.0%),germacreneD(7.2%)
tumors,infections(poultice
AesculuspaviaL. Sapindaceae Redbuckeye nuts [15]
ofnuts)
Fruits:polyhydroxyoleanenetriterpenoidsaponins(aesuliosides
[54]
Ia–Ie,IIa–IId,andIVa–IVc)
Fruits:13polyhydroxyoleanenepentacyclictriterpenoidsaponins,
aesculiosidesIIe–IIk,andIIIa–IIIf,togetherwith18known
compounds:aesculiosidesIa–Ie,IIa–IId,IVa–IVc,
3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-
β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,15α,16α,21β,22α,28-
hexahydroxyolean-12-ene,
3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-
glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,16α,21β,22α,24β,28-
hexahydroxyolean-12-ene,3-O-[β-D-
galactopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-
glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,16α,21β,22α,28-
[55]
pentahydroxyolean-12-ene,R1-barrigenol,scopolin,and
5-methoxyscopolin.AesculiosideIIc,3-O-[β-D-
galactopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-
glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,15α,16α,21β,22α,28-
hexahydroxyolean-12-ene,
3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-
glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,16α,21β,22α,24β,28-
hexahydroxyolean-12-ene,
3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-
glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-diangeloyl-3β,16α,21β,22α,28-
pentahydroxyolean-12-ene,showedbroadcytotoxicactivity
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Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
Fruits:oleanesaponins(vaccarosideA,vaccarosideB);showed
invitrocytotoxicactivityonFLnormalhumanamnioticcellsand [56]
A-549humanlungcarcinomacells
Leaves:prenylatedcoumarinpavietin;flavonolglycosidesquercetin
3-O-α-rhamnoside(quercitrin),quercetin3-O-α-arabinoside,and
[57]
isorhamnetin3-O-α-arabinoside(distichin).Pavietinshowed
antifungalactivityonGuignardiaaesculi
tumors,infections(poultice
AesculuspaviaL. Sapindaceae Redbuckeye nuts [15]
ofnuts)
Leaves:oleanesaponins(escinsIa,Ib,IIa,IIb,IIIa) [58]
Leaves:oleanesaponins(paviosidesA–H);allshowinvitro
cytotoxicactivityonJ-774murinemacrophageandWEHI-164 [59]
murinefibrosarcoma
Ageratinaaltissima(L.)
R.M.KingandH. fever,tonic,urinary
Asteraceae Whitesnakeroot root [15]
Rob.(syn.Eupatorium diseases
rugosumHoutt.)
Aerialparts:tremetone,6-hydroxytremetone,dehydrotremetone;
[60]
tremetonecytotoxiconmurinemelanoma(B16F1)cells
Aerialparts:tremetone,dehydrotremetone [61]
Aerialparts:tremetone,6-hydroxytremetone,dehydrotremetone,
dehydrotremetone,2-senecioyl-4-acetylphenol,
2-senecioyl-4-(1-methoxyethyl)phenol,
6-acetyl-2,2-dimethylchroman-4-one,
6-acetyl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene,
[62]
6-acetyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene,
6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene,
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene,and
6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene.Tremetone,
hydroxygremetone,dehydrotremetonetoxicingoldfishassay
AlliumcanadenseL. Amarylli-daceae Meadowgarlic cathartic,diuretic entireplant [15]
Herb:cysteinesulfoxides:methiin,alliin,propiin [63]
AlliumcernuumRoth Amarylli-daceae Noddingonion fever entireplant [15]
Herb:diosgenin [64]
Herb:cysteinesulfoxides:methiin,alliin,isoalliin [63]
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Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
Alliumtricoccum
Amarylli-daceae Wildleek tonic(entireplant) entireplant [15]
Aiton
Herb:methanesulfinothioicacidS-methylester,
methanesulfinothioicacidS-2-propenylester,
2-propene-1-sulfinothioicacidS-methylester,methanesulfinothioic
acidS-(E)-1-propenylester,methanesulfinothioicacid
S-(Z)-1-propenylester,(E)-1-propenesulfinothioicacidS-methyl
ester,2-propene-1-sulfinothioicacidS-2-propenylester(allicin),
1-propanesulfinothioicacidS-2-propenylester,
2-propene-1-sulfinothioicacidS-(E)-1-propenylester,
2-propene-1-sulfinothioicacidS-(Z)-1-propenylester,
(E)-1-propenesulfinothioicacidS-2-propenylester,
1-propanesulfinothioicacidS-(E)-1-propenylester,
[65]
(E)-1-propenesulfinothioicacidS-n-propylester,methyl
1-(methylsulfinyl)propyldisulfide,methyl
(E)-1-(1-propenylsulfinyl)propyldisulfide,1-(methylsulfinyl)propyl
(E,Z)-1-propenyldisulfide,methyl1-(2-propenylsulfinyl)propyl
disulfide,1-(methylsulfinyl)propyl2-propenyldisulfide,
1-(methylsulfinyl)propylpropyldisulfide,(E)-1-propenyl
1-(1-propenylsulfinyl)propyldisulfide,2-propenyl
1-(2-propenylsulfinyl)propyldisulfide,
(E)-1-(1-propenylsulfinyl)propylpropyldisulfide,(E)-1-propenyl
1-(propylsulfinyl)propyldisulfide,propyl1-(propylsulfinyl)propyl
disulfide
AlliumvinealeL.a Amarylli-daceae Wildgarlic carminative,cathartic, entireplant [15]
diuretic
Herb:molluscicidalsaponins(nuatigenin
3-O-[α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside,isonuatigenin [66]
3-O-[α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside
Herb:diosgeninsaponins:diosgenin
3-O-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside(ophiopogoninC(cid:48)),diosgenin
3-O-β-glucosyl-(1→4)-α-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-β-glucoside,diosgenin
3-O-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucosyl-(1→4)-β-glucoside(deltonin),
diosgenin
3-O-β-glucosyl-(1→4)-α-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-
β-glucoside,diosgenin3-O-β-glucosyl-(1→4)-
β-glucosyl-(1→6)-α-rhamnosyl-(1→4)- [67]
α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside,diosgenin
3-O-β-glucosyl-(1→3)-β-glucosyl-(1→6)-α-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-
α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside,diosgenin
3-O-β-glucosyl-(1→6)-β-glucosyl-(1→4)-
α-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-
α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside.Severalofthesesaponinsshowed
molluscicidalactivity
Medicines2018,5,121 9of81
Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
Herb:flavones:chrysoeriol-7-O[2(cid:48)(cid:48)-O-E-feruloyl]-β-D-glucoside,
[68]
chrysoeriol,isorhamnetin-3-β-D-glucoside,andquercetin
HerbEO:methyl(E)-1-propenyldisulfide(2.6–12.5%),
benzaldehyde(upto16.4%),dimethyltrisulfide(3.8–17.4%),allyl
(E)-1-propenyldisulfide(7.9–12.5%),allylmethyltrisulfide [69]
(7.9–13.2%),diallyltrisulfide(2.8–10.5%),p-vinylguaiacol(5.2–6.5%),
5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathiane(upto6.1%)
rootinfusiontakenasa
AralianudicaulisL. Araliaceae Wildsarsaparilla root [15]
bloodtonic
Rhizome:diacetylenesfalcarinolandpanaxydol;showed
[70]
antimycobacterialactivity
AraliaspinosaL. Araliaceae Devil(cid:48)swalkingstick root(poisonous)usedfor root [15]
emetic,venerealdiseases
LeafEO:(2E)-hexenal(13.8–29.8%),myrcene(13.9–15.1%),
β-caryophyllene(8.2–15.7%),α-humulene(1.9–4.9%),germacreneD [71]
(28.0–37.3%),(E)-nerolidol(1.2–10.4%)
painreliever,
ArnicacordifoliaHook. Asteraceae Arnica flowers [18]
anti-inflammatory
Aerialparts:flavonoids:hispidulin,genkwanin,quercetin3-methyl
ether,quercetin3-gentiobioside,quercetin3-diglucoside,
[72]
6-methoxykaempferol3-glucoside,isoquercitrin,astragalin,nepitrin,
andglucoluteolin
Leaves:pseudoguaianolidesesquiterpenoidscarabrone,
[73]
2,3-dihydroaromaticin,2,3-dihydroaromatin
Artemisiabiennis poulticeusedonsoresand
Asteraceae Biennialwormwood plant [15]
Willd. wounds
AerialpartsEO:camphor(24.6%),artemisiaketone(11.4%),
[74]
α-pinene(10.2%),1,8-cineole(10.1%),germacreneD(5.3%)
AerialpartsEO:(Z)-β-ocimene(34.7%),(E)-β-farnesene(40.0%);EO
[75]
showsantimicrobialactivity
Aruncusdioicus beatenrootappliedtobee PhytochemistryofEurasianvarietiesstudied,butnotNorth
Rosaceae Goatsbeard root [15]
(Walter)Fernald stings Americanvarieties
Aruncusdioicusvar.
Aerialparts:aruncinA,aruncinB,aruncideA,aruncideB,aruncide
kamtschaticus [76]
(Maxim.)H.Haraa C;aruncinBshowedcytotoxicactivityonJurkatTcells
Medicines2018,5,121 10of81
Table1.Cont.
ScientificName Family CommonName CherokeeUse PartUsed ChemicalConstituentsandActivities Ref.
A.dioicusvar. Aerialparts:aruncinB;cytotoxictoJurkatTcells(apoptosis,
kamtschaticusa microtubuledamage) [77]
Aerialparts:palmiticacid,10-nonacosanol,pentacosan-1-ol,phytol,
β-sitosterol,β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
A.dioicusvar. 2,4-dihydroxycinnamicacid,hyperoside,uridine,andadenosine;
kamtschaticusa β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosidecytotoxictoHL-60cells; [78]
2,4-dihydroxycinnamicacidandhyperosideshowedantioxidant
(DPPHradical-scavenging)activity
Aerialparts:sambunigrin,prunasin,aruncideA,aruncideC,
A.dioicusvar. 1-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranose,andcaffeicacid;aruncideC
kamtschaticusa cytotoxictoHeLacells;aruncideAcytotoxictoHL-60cells; [79]
1-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranosecytotoxictoMCF-7cells
Youngshoots:4-O-caffeoylglucose,chlorogenicacid,
A.dioicus(Italy) dicaffeoylglucoseisomerI,dicaffeoylglucoseisomerII, [80]
3,5-dicaffeoylquinicacid,prunasin
vermifuge(root),wounds
AsarumcanadenseL. Aristolochi-aceae Wildginger root,leaves [15]
(poulticeofleaves)
Leaves:chalconeglycosides(chalcononaringenin
2(cid:48),4(cid:48)-di-O-glucosideandchalcononaringenin
2(cid:48)-O-glucoside-4(cid:48)-O-gentiobioside)andflavonolglycosides
(quercetin3-O-galactoside,quercetin3-O-robinobioside,quercetin
[81]
3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,
kaempferol3-O-galactoside,kaempferol3-O-glucoside,kaempferol
3-O-galactoside-7-O-rhamnosideandiso-rhamnetin
3-O-rhamnosylgalactoside)
RhizomeEO:methyleugenol(44.5%),linalylacetate(41.1%),
[82]
geraniol(7.4%),linalool(5.3%)
RhizomeEO:linalool(5.0%),linalylacetate(28.0%),methyleugenol
[83]
(36.1%)
RhizomeEO:methyleugenol(53.6%),linalool(12.5%),α-terpineol
[84]
(6.6%)
RhizomeEO:Linalool(19.4%),α-terpineol(5.9%),methyleugenol
[85]
(38.5%)
AsclepiastuberosaL. Apocyn-aceae Butterflyweed cough root [22]
Roots:steroids(ascandroside,∆5-calotropin,∆5-calotropin
3(cid:48)-O-β-D-glucoside,∆5-calotropin(3(cid:48)S)-3(cid:48)-thiazolidinone, [86]
∆5-calotropin(3(cid:48)R)-3(cid:48)-thiazolidinone-S-oxide)
Roots:Pregnanesteroid(ikemagenin,lineolon,pleurogenin)
[87]
glycosides
Aerialparts:Pregnanesteroidglycosides(tuberosidesA1–L5) [88]
Aerialparts:Pregnanesteroidglycosides(tuberosidesB7andB8) [89]