Table Of Content
THE PERSIANS
Homa Katouzianis Iranian by birth, with an academic background
in economics and the social sciences. He currently teaches Iranian
history and literature at St Antony’s College and the Oriental
Institute, University of Oxford. He is the editor of the journal
Iranian Studiesand the author of numerous academic monographs
and articles about Iran and its literature.
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HOMA KATOUZIAN
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THE 2
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PERSIANS
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Ancient, Mediaeval
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and Modern Iran
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YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 43
NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 44R
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Copyright © 2009 Homa Katouzian
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7 First printed in paperback 2010
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The right of Homa Katouzian to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
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him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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1 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part,
in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the
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U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without
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written permission from the publishers.
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5 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
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U.S. Office: [email protected] yalebooks.com
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Europe Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.co.uk
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9 Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd.
Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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3 Katouzian, Homa.
The Persians : ancient, medieval, and modern Iran / Homa Katouzian.
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p. cm.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
6 ISBN 978-0-300-16932-4 (alk. Paper) 1. Iran—History. I. Title.
7 DS272.K375 2009
955—dc22
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2009005669
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40 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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ISBN 978-0-300-16932-4 (pbk)
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Contents 65
Contents 76
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Acknowledgements vi 32Tex
ALicskt noof wIllleudsgtreamtieonntss viviii 43Tex
LPirsetf aocf eIllustrations viixi 54
Preface x 65
Introduction: Iran and Iranians 1 76
1 IMntyrtohds,u Lcteigoenn: dIsr aann dan Adn Icriaennita nHsistory 191 87
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21 GMryetehkss, ,L Peagretnhdiasn asn adn dA nPceiresniatn Hsistory 4109
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32 AGrraebeks,s ,I sPlaamrth ainands P aenrdsi aPnesrsians 6402
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43 TAurrakbss ,a Insdla mM oanngdo Plsersians 9602
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54 PTuerrskisa na nEdm Mpiorne gAoglsain 11920
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65 DPeirssiniatneg Eramtipoinre a Andga Rineunification 113122
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76 TDhisei nDteilgermatmioan oafn Rde Rfoerumni afincadt iMonodernization 115322
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87 TThhee RDeilveomlumtiao no ff oRre Lfoarwm and Modernization 117502
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98 MThoed Rerenv oAlurbtiiotrna rfoyr R Lualwe 210700
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190 MOcocdueprant iAonrb, iOtrialr Ny aRtiuolnealization and Dictatorship 222090
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1110 TOhcec uWpahtiitoen R, eOviol lNutaitoinonalization and Dictatorship 222693
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1112 TThhee WRehviotleu Rtieovno oluf tFioenbruary 1979 226838
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1132 TThhee IRselavmoliuct iRoenp oufb Fliecbruary 1979 322848
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1143 ITrhane Iasfltaemr Kich Roempueibnliic 335244 21
14 Iran after Khomeini 354 32
Appendix: Iranian Society 395 43
EAnpdpnenodteisx: Iranian Society 339995 54
SEenldecnto Bteisbliography 432979 65
ISnedleecxt Bibliography 443247 76
Index 434 87
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6 Acknowledgements
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3 Text The great Persian epic poet Abolqasem Ferdowsi once wrote in his immortal
4 Shahnameh: ‘in this book, among the renowned/Share Ali Deilam and Budolaf
5 of this town’.1 Many more share in this lesser book, though for its views and
6 errors I alone am to blame.
7 In 2001 the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, gave me a visiting post to
8 launch a research project for a history of modern Iran from 1800 to 2000. I am
9 therefore most grateful to them for their moral and material support. But it was the
20 highly persuasive powers of Heather McCullum of Yale University Press that later
1 convinced me to extend the project to an interpretive and comprehensive history
2 of Iran. She also arranged for three reviewers of my initial proposal, to whom I am
3 indebted for their very generous and encouraging comments; Stephanie Cronin
4 was the one among them who chose not to remain anonymous. The libraries
5 of the Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College and the Oriental Institute, as well
6 as the Ferdowsi Library of Wadham College and the Bodleian Library, all of the
7 University of Oxford, were indispensable in providing many, and sometimes rare
8 and inaccessible, sources, English as well as Persian, for a study which spans more
9 than two and a half millennia of Iranian history. I am especially grateful to Mastan
30 Ebtehaj, librarian of the Middle East Centre, for her unfaltering support.
1 Throughout the years in which this book came into being, my son Amir, who
2 for a long time has been my sole companion in domestic life, helped to provide
3 a home environment conducive to peaceful and uninterrupted work.
4 In 2007 Iwas a guest of Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi in Toronto for six weeks,
5 working mainly on this project, though also on a joint project which we hope
6 to publish some time in the future. Mohamad’s company was in itself a source of
7 joy and energy, and his role as a perfect host was conducive to long hours of
8 deliberation. I also benefited from the use of his extensive library, which is
9 distinguished for its Persian books and journals, so rarely accessible elsewhere.
40 John Gurney briefly commented on early drafts of some chapters, which was
41 helpful in developing the strategy of the study as it later evolved. Touraj
42 Daryaee’s comments on chapters 1 and 2 were useful in polishing my account of
43 ancient Iranian history. But most of all, I benefited from the support of two
44R matchless referees throughout the work, without whose cogent comments and
AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTTSS vviiii
suggestions the manuscript would not have reached its present stage. Hossein 1
Shahidi of the Lebanese American University, and my co-editor of another book, 2
read each chapter line by line and returned it to me with comments on both form 3
and substance. Having responded to his comments, I then sent the chapter to my 4
editor, Phoebe Clapham, who likewise read and commented on it. Hossein 5
viewed the material from the point of view of a seasoned specialist, Phoebe as a 6
highly intelligent, literate and acute non-specialist – incidentally demonstrating 7
that she is a rising star in her profession. 8
Nasrollah Kasraian and Jassem Ghazbanpour, two leading professional 9
photographers, kindly let us use copies of their works for the illustrations. I am 10
most grateful to them as well as to Syma Sayyah (Afshar), Paul Sanford and 1
Hossein Shahidi for facilitating their generous contribution. I am also grateful to 2
Oxford University for their generous contribution towards the cost of the other 3Tex
illustrations. 4
Many more whose help has been less direct would have been acknowledged 5
had I had more space. In wishing to express my deepest gratitude to them all, 6
named and unnamed, I am reminded of the Arabic verse which simply says ‘Say 7
thank you and it will suffice’. 8
HK 9
St Antony’s College and the Oriental Institute 20
University of Oxford 1
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
17. Reza Shah on the Peacock Throne at his coronation, 25 April 1926 1
(© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis) 2
18. Upper-class Iranian women in Western clothing, c. 1936 (‘Akas Khadem, 3
Tehran; originally published in Donald H. Wilber, Riza Shah Pahlavi, New 4
York: Exposition Press, 1975) 5
19. Reza Shah and Prince Mohammad Reza at the former’s abdication, 6
September 1941 (photograph by Roger Viollet Collection/Getty Images) 7
20. Mosaddeq lifted onto shoulders of the crowd outside the Majlis, delivering 8
the speech which the opposition had not allowed him to deliver in the 9
House, 27 September 1951 (AP Photo) 10
21. The Shah and Queen Farah during their coronation, 1 November 1967 1
(© Bettmann/Corbis) 2
22. The Shah, President Carter, Queen Farah and the First Lady on the White 3Tex
House lawn, wiping their eyes from the effect of tear gas used by the police 4
to disperse the Shah’s opponents demonstrating nearby, 15 November 1977 5
(© Bettmann/Corbis) 6
23. Ayatollah Khomeini descending from the plane in Tehran airport, 7
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1 February 1979 (© Bettmann/Corbis) 8
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24. Iranian revolutionaries burning US flag, 9 November 1979 (© Bettmann/ 9
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Corbis) 20
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25. Modern Iranian women protesting against the suggestion that hejab should 1
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become compulsory, 6 July 1980 (© Bettmann/Corbis) 2
6 26. Mourning KhLomiesinti aot fh isI olflficuials fturnearatl, i7o Jnunse 1989 (Christophe 3
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Simon-Pascal George/AFP/Getty Images) 4
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27. French President Jacques Chirac welcomes Iranian President Mohammad 5
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Khatami at the Elysee Palace in Paris, 5 April 2005 (Philippe Wojazer/ 6
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Reuters/Corbis) 7
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28. Modern Tehran (photograph courtesy of Nasrollah Kasraian) 8
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4 PMicatpusre section
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M1a.p T1heM moydtheircna lI rbainrd Simorgh attending to the wounded Rostam and his horxseii, 2
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Map f2romT hFee rAdochwasei’ms Sehnaidh nEammpeihr,e p, u55b0li–sh3e3d0 iBnC India, 1719 (British Library) 28 3
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M2a.p P3ersTephoe lPisa, ratnh iaaenr iEaml vpiierwe, (2p4h7o BtoCg–rAaDph2 2c4ourtesy of Jassem Ghazbanpour)43 4
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M3a.p B4as-Trehleie Sf ainsa Pnaialanc Ee mofp Xireer,x AeDs, 2P2e4rs–e6p5o1l is (from Sir Percy Sykes, A History4 o6f 5
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Map P5ersTiah, eL Soenldjuokn :E Mmapcirme iallta ints, 1p9e5a1k), AD1072–92 93 6
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M4a.p A6lexTahned eSra fhaovilddi Engm tphiere d, yAiDng1 5D0a1r–a1 i7n2 2his arms while the latter’s murde1re1r3s 7
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stand bound, awaiting execution, from Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Oxford, 8
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Bodleian Library MS Elliott 325 f. 379r) 9
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5. Silver coin representing the Arsacid king Mithridates II (from Sir Percy 40
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Sykes, A History of Persia, London: Macmillan, 1951) 41
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6. The Emperor Valerian kneels before Shapur I, bas-relief in Naqsh-e Rostam 42
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(© Fabien Dany, www.fabiendany.com) 43
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7. Abbasid Mosque, Samarra (Alamy Images) 44R
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8. Amir Timur (Tamerlane) holding court (Art Archive/Alamy Images)
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9. Battle with the Uzbeks, Chehel Sotun Palace, Isfahan (photograph courtesy
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of Nasrollah Kasraian)
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10. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan (photograph courtesy of Nasrollah Kasraian)
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11. Banquet of Shah Abbas, Chehel Sotun, Isfahan (photograph courtesy of
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Nasrollah Kasraian)
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12. Fath’ali Shah receiving the homage of his son, Abbas Mirza, early
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19th century (Hermitage Museum)
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13. Naser al-Din Shah being greeted by Queen Victoria on his visit to England,
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Illusrated London News, 13 July 1889 (Mary Evans Picture Library)
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14. Constitutional Revolution, the bast at the British legation, 1906
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(photograph sourced by author)
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15. Constitutional Revolution, the opening of the first Majlis, 1907 (photo-
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graph sourced by author)
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16. Reza Khan with two of his daughters, and the future Mohammad Reza Shah
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on his lap, c. 1922 (‘Akas Khadem, Tehran; originally published in Donald
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H. Wilber, Riza Shah Pahlavi, New York: Exposition Press, 1975)
