The Oxford Latin Syntax, Volume II: the Complex Sentence and Discourse

1471 Pages·2021·14.93 MB·English

by  Harm Pinkster

THE OXFORD
LATIN SYNTAX
VOLUME 2
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
AND DISCOURSE
The Oxford Latin Syntax

THE OXFORD
LATIN SYNTAX
Volume II
The Complex Sentence and Discourse
HARM PINKSTER
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Harm Pinkster 2021
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937312
ISBN 978–0–19–923056–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199230563.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
CONTENTS
Preface xxvii
Signs and other conventions xxix
Abbreviations xxxi
14 Subordinate clauses: common properties and internal structure 1
14.1 Subordinate clauses and other forms of clause combining 1
14.2 Formal and semantic properties of subordinate clauses 6
14.3 Ambiguous or hybrid instances of clause combining 9
14.4 The levels at which subordinate clauses can be used 11
14.5 The internal properties of subordinate clauses 13
14.6 Finite subordinate clauses 13
14.7 Non-finite subordinate clauses 16
14.8 The internal structure of accusative and infinitive clauses 17
14.9 The nominative and infinitive construction 20
14.10 'Fused' clauses 21
14.11 Prolative infinitive clauses 22
14.12 Gerundial clauses 24
14.13 Supine clauses 25
14.14 Participial, gerundival, and nominal clauses 25
14.15 Means of tightening and making more explicit the relationship
between subordinate and superordinate clauses 31
14.16 Preparative elements in the main clause 31
14.17 Resumptive elements in the main clause 36
14.18 Particles and adverbs tightening or clarifying the relationship between
subordinate and superordinate clauses 37
14.19 Forms of interlacing of superordinate and subordinate clauses 39
14.20 Subordinators 40
14.21 Subordinators used with both argument and satellite clauses 41
14.22 Subordinators and relative adverbs 43
14.23 Developments in the system of subordinating devices from Latin to the
Romance languages 44
14.24 The period 45
14.25 Direct and indirect speech 48
vi Contents
15 Subordinate clauses filling an argument position 52
15.1 The functions of argument clauses 53
15.2 Types of argument clauses 56
15.3 Finite argument clauses 57
15.4 Finite declarative argument clauses 57
15.5 The use of quod in argument clauses 59
15.6 The use of quad clauses with the verb accedit 'to be added to' or 'to
constitute an addition to' 59
15.7 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions meaning
'to leave unmentioned' 61
15.8 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion 61
15.9 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of perception,
cognition, and communication 63
15.10 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of accusing and
convicting and of blaming, excusing, praising, congratulating,
and thanking 66
15.11 The use of quad clauses in combination with a subject or object
complement 69
15.12 The use of quad clauses with a variety of other expressions 70
15.13 The use of quad clauses with verbs of happening 71
15.14 The use of quad clauses in combination with a preparative or
interrogative pronoun or similar expressions 73
15.15 The use of quia in declarative argument clauses 76
15.16 The use of quia clauses with the verb accedit 'to be added: or 'to
constitute an addition to' 76
15.17 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions meaning
'to leave unmentioned' 76
15.18 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion 76
15.19 The use of quia with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition,
and communication 77
15.20 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of blaming,
praising, congratulating, and thanking 78
15.21 The use of quia clauses in combination with a preparative
pronoun or determiner 78
15.22 The use of quoniam in declarative argument clauses 79
15.23 The use of cum (quom) in declarative argument clauses 80
15.24 The use of quomodo and quemadmodum in declarative
argument clauses 80
15.25 The use of ut in declarative argument clauses 81
15.26 The use of ut clauses with the verb accedit 'to be added to' or 'to
constitute an addition to' 82
Contents vii
15.27 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of happening
and befalling 83
15.28 The use of ut clauses as subject with the verb sum 85
15.29 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning 'the
conclusion is: 'it follows' 86
15.30 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning 'it remains
to be done: 'it is sufficient' 86
15.31 The use of ut clauses with various third person singular verb forms
(so-called impersonal verbs) 87
15.32 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and an
adjective functioning as subject complement 88
15.33 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and a
noun or noun phrase functioning as subject complement 90
15.34 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and
other categories that function as subject complement 91
15.35 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of perception,
cognition, and communication 92
15.36 The use of ut clauses in 'periphrastic' constructions 93
15.37 The use of ne in declarative argument clauses with verbs and
expressions of fearing and worrying 94
15.38 The use of quin in declarative argument clauses with a negative
main clause 96
15.39 The use of si in declarative argument clauses 100
15.40 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of waiting in
expectation and trying 100
15.41 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of surprise 101
15.42 The use of si clauses in combination with so-called impersonal
expressions 102
15.43 The use of quasi in argument clauses with verbs and expressions
of pretending 103
15.44 The use of tamquam (si) and quasi in argument clauses with
verbs and expressions of accusing and of emotion and with
verbs of communication 104
15.45 Finite interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 105
15.46 Verbs and expressions governing indirect questions 106
15.47 Types of interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 107
15.48 Simple interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 108
15.49 Indirect clausal questions 108
15.50 Inclirect clausal questions without a question particle 108
15.51 Indirect clausal questions with a question particle 109
15.52 The use of -ne in indirect clausal questions 110
15.53 The use of nonne in indirect clausal questions 111
Copy· 1ghted ~•te
viii Contents
15.54 The use of num in indirect clausal questions 111
15.55 The use of utrum in indirect clausal questions 113
15.56 The use of an in indirect clausal questions 113
15.57 The use of si in indirect clausal questions 115
15.58 The use of ne (not clitic) in pseudo-indirect clausal questions 117
15.59 Indirect questions with indefinite pronouns, determiners, adjectives,
adverbs, and particles formed with ec- 118
15.60 Indirect constituent questions 119
15.61 Overlap of indirect constituent questions and autonomous
relative clauses 122
15.62 Multiple indirect questions 123
15.63 Minor combinations of particles in multiple indirect questions 125
15.64 Finite imperative argument clauses 126
15.65 Verbs and expressions governing imperative clauses 129
15.66 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
ordering and commanding (class (i) (a)) 131
15.67 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
begging, requesting, etc. (class (i) (b)) 133
15.68 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
advising, warning, exhorting, reminding, admonishing, etc. (class (i) (c)) 134
15.69 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
inducing, persuading, etc. (class (i) (d)) 135
15.70 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions
of permitting, granting, allowing (class (i) (e )) 136
15.71 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions
of forcing (class (i) (f)) 137
15. 72 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions
of hindering, preventing, etc. (class (i) (g)) 138
15.73 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions
of wishing, desiring, preferring, etc. (class (ii) (a)) 139
15. 74 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
striving (class (ii) (b)) 140
15.75 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs of causation (class (iii)) 142
15. 76 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions
of deciding, resolving, etc. (class (iv)) 144
15. 77 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of
deserving (class (v)) 145
15.78 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a neuter
singular adjective or a comparable expression that functions as
subject or object complement (class (vi)) 145
15. 79 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a noun
functioning as subject or object complement (class (vii)) 147
Copyngrted 11ater al
Contents ix
15.80 The use of finite imperative clauses with so-called impersonal
expressions (class (viii)) 148
15.81 The subordinating devices of finite imperative clauses 149
15.82 The use of ut, ut ne, and ne in imperative clauses 149
15.83 Imperative clauses with a simple subjunctive (without a subordinator) 150
15.84 The use of the subordinator ne in imperative clauses 154
15.85 The use of quin in imperative clauses 154
15.86 The use of quominus in imperative clauses 154
15.87 The use of quoin imperative clauses 154
15.88 The use of qui in imperative clauses 155
15.89 Exclamatory argument clauses 155
15.90 Non-finite argument clauses 156
15.91 Infinitival argument clauses 156
15.92 Accusative and infinitive clauses 157
15.93 The functions of accusative and infinitive clauses 157
15.94 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object
with verbs and expressions of happening and befalling or
causing to happen 159
15.95 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with
accedit 'to be added to' or 'to constitute an addition to' 160
15.96 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object
with verbs and expressions meaning 'to leave unmentioned' 161
15.97 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and
expressions of emotion 161
15.98 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and
expressions of perception, cognition, and communication 162
15.99 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and
expressions of praising, blaming, and thanking 170
15.100 The non-declarative use of the accusative and infinitive clause 170
15.101 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with
one-place and so-called impersonal verbs 181
15.102 The use of accusative and infinitive clauses in combination with
expressions that function as subject or object complement 183
15.103 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with
a preparative pronoun 184
15.104 Independent accusative and infinitive clauses 186
15.105 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in interrogative
clauses and sentences 186
15.106 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in exclamations 189
15.107 The use of the accusative and infinitive in relative clauses 189
15.108 The use of the accusative and infinitive in correlative and
comparative structures 190
Copy· 1ghted ~•te