The Organization of Cell Metabolism

373 Pages·1987·27.387 MB·English

by  G. Rickey Welch, James S. Clegg (auth.), G. Rickey Welch, James S. Clegg (eds.)

The Organization of
Cell Metabol ism
NA TO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics New York and London
C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster
o
Behavioral and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
E Engineering and The Hague, Boston, Dordrecht, and Lancaster
Materials Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo
Recent Volumes in this Series
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Volume 125-Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs
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Volume 126-Crystallography in Molecular Biology
edited by Dino Moras, Jan Drenth, Bror Strandberg,
Dietrich Suck, and Keith Wilson
Volume 127-The Organization of Cell Metabolism
edited by G. Rickey Welch and James S. Clegg
Volume 128-Perspectives in Biotechnology
edited by J. M. Cardoso Duarte, L. J. Archer, A. T. Bull,
and G. Holt
Volume 129-Cellular and Humoral Components of Cerebrospinal Fluid in
Multiple Sclerosis
edited by A. Lowenthal and J. Raus
Series A: Life Sciences
The Organization of
Cell Metabolism
Edited by
G. Rickey Welch
University of New Orleans
New Orleans, Louisiana
and
James S. Clegg
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
the Organization of Cell Metabolism,
held August 31-September 4, 1985,
in Hanstholm, Denmark
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Organization of Cell Metabolism
(1985: Hanstholm, Denmark)
The organization of cell metabolism.
(NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 127)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Organization of
Cell Metabolism, held August 31-September 4, 1985, in Hanstholm, Denmark"
- T.p. verso.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Cell metabolism-Congresses. I. Welch, G. Rickey. II. Clegg, James S.,
1933- . III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV.
Title. V. Series.
QH634.5.N38 1985 574.87'61 87-2468
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5313-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5311-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5311-9
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1986
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
This volume is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. Mario di
Lullo, Programme Director in the NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
Our workshop (like many others in the past) benefited greatly from
his advice, generous assistance, and personal care.
FOREWORD
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on nThe Organization of Cell
Metabolismn was held 31 August - 4 September, 1985, at the Hotel
Hansthol m in Hansthollllt Denmark. From areas of cell biology, bio
chemistry, enzymology, and biophysical chemistry, the Workshop brought
together workers whose research focuses on the character of the metabolic
infrastructure of the living cell. The organizing committee was composed
of the following members:
James S. Clegg
Douglas B. Kell
Paul A. Srere
G. Rickey Welch (Chairman)
There has now arisen an edifice of proof that cell metabolism is
highly ordered in space and time. The refinement of cytological
extraction methodology and the development of more gentle isolation
techniques have led to the demonstration of structural organization for
most of the primary metabolic pathways. Moreover, the study of isolated
enzyme complexes and membranous arrays has revealed unique functional
properties of the organized state. Interest in metabolic organization
has heightened very recently, due to the emergence of exciting new
cytochemical and electron-microscopic advances in the elucidation of the
cytOOIatrix and associated cell water. The hyaloplasmic space of
eukaryotic cells has now been shown to be laced with a dense network of
various filamentous structures - one role of which appears to be that of
a structural support for the microcompartmentation of metabolic
The supramolecular organization of certain processes may
processe~
exceed the physical confines of intracellular particulates, involving
large-scale entrainment of the cytoplasm in space and time.
The Workshop dealt with the following major areas:
1) Organization Qf the cytomatrix ~ aqueous compartments. The aqueous
milieu in the metabolic microenvironments of the cell may be different
from the bulk aqueous condition in~. Cell-associated water must
play an important role in the integration of metabolic In
processe~
addition to their roles in scaffolding, organelle motility, and cellular
motion, the cytomatrix may provide a structural setting for the
organization of metabolic processes.
2) Organization Qf macromolecular synthesis. Macromolecular (e.~,
protein) assemblage is an extremely complex process, invol ving the
coordination of a multitude of enzymatic events. In eukaryotic cells
many of these processes are associated with the cytomatrix.
vii
3) Organization .2I. metabolic pathways. Organization of the mul tienzyme
systems in intermediary metabolism may lead to such physiological
advantages as "channeling" of intermediates (with the attendant
elimination of diffusional transit, segregation of metabolic flow, etc.),
unique modes of free-energy transduction, and coordination of metabolic
regulatiOn. The organizational state may invol ve static spatial designs
with protein-protein, protein-membrane, and/or protein-cytomatrix
interactions. In some cases the organization may not be localized
statically, but entail periodic spatio-temporal order extending
throughout the bulk cytoplasm.
4) Experimental ~ theoretical modeling ~ metabolic organization.
Realization of the organized nature of cellular metabolism necessitates
the construction of theoretical paradigms which will prov ide us with a
better qualitative and quantitative understanding of the workings of the
cell. In addi tion, theoretical model ing opens up new vistas for
experimental analysis of metabolic processes. Moreover, the emergence of
immobilized-em:yme technology has fostered the usage of macroscopic model
systems for exploring experimentally some of the unique advantages of the
organized state.
There were main lectures in each of these four areas. In. addi tion,
there were round-table discussions focusing on topics of interest wi thin
these headings. The round-tabl es were steered by inv ited experts. And,
there was a poster session.
*
These publ ished proceedings incl ude the main 1 ectures, as well as
presentations by the invited round-table panelists. As is usual in
successful scientific gatherings, the discussions that took place outside
the formal structure of the program were at least as important. As
ev inced from the tabl e of contents herein, this Workshop was rather
unique in the scope and breadth of coverage of the subject of
"organization of cell metabolism". Our sincere thanks go to the
contributing authors, for their time and energy invested in bringing this
proj ect to frui tion.
G. Rickey Welch, New Orleans
James S. Clegg, Bodega Bay
*
Manuscripts were not sutmitted for the follOWing two lectures:
"Structure and Evol ution of Ribosomes and Their Components" (by Dr. H.
Wittmann) and "Time Patterns in Cellular Metabolism" (by Dr. B. Hess).
viii
ACKNGlLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our sincere thanks to NATO for major
financial support. In particular, we are indebted to Dr. Mario Di Lullo,
Programme Director in the Scientific Affairs Division, for his continued
interest and advice. Additional financial support came from the
following sources:
Commission ..2.t: European Communities. A special note of thanks is due
~
to Paolo Fasella, Director-General for Science, Research, and
D~
Development, for his interest and assistance. He himself has contributed
significantly to the scientific subject of this Workshop. Regrettably,
he was unable to attend due to pressing obligations of his office.
International J1n1Qn..Q.( Biochemistry. We are especially grateful to Dr.
W. J. Whelan of the Executive Committee, for his encouragement and
interest and for his effort in the expeditious handling of our
application to the IUB •
..NQI.Q Industri ~ (Denmark). The kind assistance of Dr. Villy Jensen
(Research and Development Division) is much appreciated.
We are very grateful to Mr. Kjeld Olsen and his staff at the Hotel
Hans thol m, for their important role in the execution of our Workshop. We
cannot say enough about their hospital ity and cooperation. The peaceful
seclusion of the North Sea v illage of Hansthol m was perfect for a small,
intensive scientific meeting.
We would like to thank Mrs. Barbara Kester of the International
Transfer of Science and Technology Office (Belgium), for much logistical
help in the early planning of the Workshop.
Last, but not least, we thank the Department of Biological Sciences
(Chairman: Dr. Michael A. Poirrier), University of New Orleans, for help
with the extensive costs of telephoning, mailing, photocopying, and
printing, as well as for expert typing/clerical assistance. In
particular, the warm smile, care, and skilled typing work of Mrs. Marie
LeBlanc are beyond words.
ix
CONTENTS
The Organization of Cell Metabolism:
A Historical Vignette • • • • • 1
G.R. Welch and J.S. Clegg
ORGANIZATION OF THE CYTOMATRIX
AND AQUEOUS COMPARTMENTS
Structural Organization of the Cytomatrix • • • • 9
K.R. Porter
The Cytoskeleton • • • • 27
M. Osborn and K. Weber
Interactions within the Cytoskeleton 37
A.B. Fulton
On the Physical Properties and Potential
Roles of Intracellular Water • • • • 4l
J.S. Clegg
Diffusion of a Small Molecule in the Aqueous
Compartment of Mammalian Cells • • • • • 57
A.M. Mastro and D.J. Hurley
Restricted Motion of Cellular ~ in
Permeabilized Cells • • • • • 75
M. Kellermayer and C.F. Hazlewood
The Intracellular Distribution of Adenosine
Triphosphate • • • • • • • • • • • • • 79
S.B. Horowitz and D.S. Miller
ORGANIZATION OF MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS
New Views of Cell and Tissue Cytoarchitecture:
Embedment-Free Electron Microscopy
and Biochemical Analysis • • • • • • • • • 89
E.G. Fey and S. Penman
xi
Understanding the Organization of Cell Metabolism
in Early Embryonic S,ystems:
Developmental Implications • • • • • • • • • 101
R. Marco, B. Batuecas, M. Calleja,
M. Carra tal a, M. Cervera,
A. Domingo, C. Ferreiro, R. Garesse,
C. Urq ui a, and I. Vernos
OBlANIZATION OF BIOSYNTHETIC AND
BIODEGRADATIVE PROCESSES
Organization of Enzymes in the Tryptophan Pathway 109
J.A. DeM>ss
Implications of Metabolic Compartmentation
in Prokaryotic Cells • • • • • • • • • 121
V. Moses
Organization of Glucose Metabolism:
A Model of Compartments by
Poly-Isozymic Complexes 131
T. Ureta and J. Radojkovic
Direct Transfer of Metabolites via
Enzyme-Enzyme Complexes:
Evidence and Physiological Significance 143
S.A. Bernhard and D.K. Srivastava
Energetic Consequence of Dynamic
Enzyme-Enzyme Interaction •
T. Keleti
Mitochondrial Hexokinase: Interactions between
Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation • 169
J.E. Wilson
Diffusion and Perfusion in the Living Cell:
Implications for Metabolic Regulation
and Organization • • • • • • • • • • • 171
D.N. Wheatley and P.C. Malone
OBlANIZATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM:
ENZYMOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Interactions of Mitochondrial Matrix Enzymes with
Mitochondrial Inner Membranes • • • • 177
R.L. TYiska, J.S. Williams, L.G. Brent,
A.P. Hudson, B.J. Clark, J.B.
Robinson, Jr., and P.A. Srere
Some Aspects of Enzyme Organization in
the Citric Acid Cycle • • • • 191
P.D.J. Weitzman and S.J. Barnes
Enzyme Interactions in the Citric Acid Cycle
and the Aspartate-Malate Shuttle • • • • 199
S. Beeckmans and L. Kanarek
xii