The orb-weaver genus Mangora of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae: Araneidae)

2005·41.9 MB·

THE ORB-WEAVER GENUS MANGORA OF MEXICO, CENTRAL
AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE)
HERBERT W. LEVI'
rately. The astonishing abundance of trop-
ABSTRACT. Thirty-two species of Mangora are
ical South American Mangora species,
found in the region under consideration. Three tem-
mostly undescribed, may make this the
perate species extend their ranges into northern Mex-
ico, three Mexican species extend into the Southwest, most species-rich genus of araneids in the
and four species extend into South America. Only
Americas.
one species, M. melanocephala from Central America
and South America, is both widespread and common.
METHODS
One species is found in the West Indies, including
Trinidad. Of the 32 species, 15 are new. Six new syn-
Preserved Mangora specimens are more
onyms are found. A few synapomorphies place Man-
fragile than other araneid specimens. It is
gora close to Araneus.
nearly impossible to avoid breaking leg
INTRODUCTION macrosetae when handling. For examina-
tion, specimens were placed on a substrate
At present, Mexican and Central Amer-
such as black paraffin with suitable de-
ican Mangora can be determined only
pressions, black silicon carbide crystals (80
with the 1894-1904 publications of O. P.-
grit), or black Velcro tape glued to a dish.
and F. O. P.-Cambridge in the Biologia
The black background minimizes reflec-
Centrali-Americana (on Guatemalan spi-
tions.
ders mostly, but including some from Ta-
Description. Alcoholic specimens were
basco, Mexico), and Chickering9s two pa-
used to describe coloration even though
pers (1954, 1963) on Panamanian Man-
many have some bright coloration that
gora. They deal with only a small part of
washes out. No color slides were available
the region. Mangora of most of the region
to show the color when alive.
remain unknown and undetermined col-
Eyes. Eyes in araneids are difficult to
lections have accumulated in museums.
measure because the curved cornea ex-
The inability to recognize species of the
tends beyond the eye as seen from above.
region has limited needed work on ecolo-
Thus, eyes seen from the side appear larg-
gy, behavior, and physiology of the genus.
er than when viewed from above. There
Mangora pia was used by Craig (1987a,b,
also is individual variation in eye place-
1988, 1989) for her observations on be-
ment. Eye measurements are rough esti-
havior and structure of silk.
Distinctiveness of most South American mates.
Mangora species make it advisable to pub- The line of posterior eyes was checked
lish on the species of Mexico, Central against an imagined line behind the eyes
America, and the West Indies (excluding when viewing the eyes dorsally. An imag-
Trinidad) and to deal with the many spe- inary line outside of the eyes, when seen
cies of Trinidad and South America sepa- from above, defined the median eye trap-
ezoid. Despite the difficulty in measuring,
numerical sizes and distances are given.
8Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-
Approximations are easier to describe in
versity, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138-2902. E-mail: [email protected] numbers than in words.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 158(4): 139-182, July, 2005
139
140 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158 No. 4
Measuring. Total length was measured History, New York United
without stretching the animal, whose elon- States; W. J. Gertsch, J. A. L.
gate abdomen hangs at an angle with the Cooke, N. Platnick
prosoma (Levi, 1975, fig. 59; 2002, fig. 2). BMNH Natural History Museum, Lon-
Length of body parts and leg articles are
don, United Kingdom; P. Hill-
accurate only to 0.1 mm because legs were
yard, J. Beccaloni
not amputated and leveled for measure-
CAS California Academy of Scienc-
ments.
es, San Francisco, California,
Figures. Figures of holotypes of species
United States: C. Griswold, D.
north of Mexico were made in 1970 (Levi,
Ubick
1975). Here, the tips of palpi are addition-
CNC Canadian National Collections,
ally illustrated, perhaps making them eas-
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; C.
ier to determine without amputating the
Dondale
structure. The apical view also helps to dis-
CUC Cornell University Collection
tinguish relationship of the complicated
sclerites without expanding the palpus. kept in the AMNH
The ventral view of epigyna is often il- ECOSUR ECOSUR Collection, Chetu-
lustrated from slightly anterior. Lifting the mal, Quintana Roo, Mexico; G.
epigynum with a needle or folding it back Alayo6n
exposed the posterior view. The epigyna FSCA Florida State Collection of Ar-
were cleared with Hoyer9s medium. Indi- thropods, Gainesville, Florida,
vidual specimens of Mangora less than 2.5 United States: G. B. Edwards
mm in total length were submerged in the HEF The late Harriet Exline Friz-
clearing medium. In larger specimens, the
zell, W. Peck, kept in CAS
epigynum was removed and cleared for ex-
JM J. M. Maes, Leon, Nicaragua
amination and later stored in a small vial
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zo-
with the rest of the specimen.
ology, Cambridge, Massachu-
The directions for locating structures in
setts, United States: G. Giribet
the illustrations (h) refer to the numbers
MIUP Museo de Invertebrados, Univ-
in the face of a clock.
ersidad de Panama, Panama
Maps. Maps were made with a comput-
Panama; D. Quintero A.
er. Collecting sites were located with var-
MNHN Museum National d9 Histoire
ious automobile maps and the gazetteers
of the United States Board on Geographic Naturelle, Paris, France; M.
Names (1956, 1965), Office of Geography, Hubert, C. Rollard
Department of the Interior. A gazetteer of NMB Naturhistorisches Museum,
the localities of the Cambridges9 types is Basel, Switzerland: E. Sutter,
given by Selander and Vaurie (1962). Col- A. Hanggi
lectors of specimens often published maps PAN Polish Academy of Science,
of their collecting sites (e.g., Goodnight Warsaw, Poland; J. Proszynski,
and Goodnight, 1953; Petrunkevitch, A. Slojewska
1909: Vaurie and Vaurie, 1949).
REL Robin E. Leech, Edmonton,
Specimens Used. Specimens used came
Alberta, Canada
from the following collections and individ-
SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frank-
uals:
furt am Main, Germany; M.
Grasshoff
AD A. Dean, Texas A&M Univer-
sity, Collége Station, Texas, USNM National Museum of Natural
United States History, Washington, D.C.,
AMNH American Museum of Natural United States; J. Coddington
CENTRAL AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi 141
TAXONOMIC SECTION swelling. The hook on the first coxa is al-
ways present; it may be very small and
Mangora O. P.-Cambridge
shifted posteriorly.
Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 13. Type species: The male genitalia are surprisingly com-
Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge from Guatemala, plex. There is always a radix (R), a median
designated by Simon, 1895: 793. Levi, 1975: 116.
apophysis (M), and a soft conductor (C)
Diagnosis. Mangora differs from all holding the tip of the embolus (E) (Figs.
other araneid genera by the presence of 89, 90). The embolus is of variable shape,
feathered trichobothria on the tibia of the rarely filiform. The terminal apophysis (A)
third leg (unfortunately often broken off is complex and of enormous size, with soft
in poorly handled specimens) (Levi, 1975, and hard lobes, difficult to figure out un-
fig. 59; 2002, fig. 2). Easier to observe is less expanded (Figs. 89, 90). The palpal
the unique shape of the carapace: it is patella has always one strong seta.
bald and narrow in the eye region, usually Sizes. Many of the tropical Mangora are
only one-half or less of the total width of
small, females 2.0 to about 7.0 mm total
the carapace, and the thoracic region of
length, males 1.5-4.5 mm. The largest
the carapace is high, equal to or greater
here is Mangora pia, found in Panama and
than the width of the carapace in the eye
observed by Lubin (1978) and used for ex-
region. The high thoracic region slopes
periments by Craig (1987-1989).
evenly toward the eye region (Levi, 1975,
Relationship. Relationship with Ara-
fig. 59; 2002, fig. 2). Unlike most araneids,
neus is suggested by the frequent pres-
the abdomen is always oval, longer than
ence of a scape with a distal pocket in the
wide (Figs. 3, 4, 10). The thin legs have
epigynum of the female (Figs. 62, 97,
long, strong macrosetae, which stand up,
110), and in the palpus of the male, the
not appressed against the appendage
conductor close to the rim, median
(Levi, 1975, fig. 59; 2002, fig. 2). First legs
apophysis with spines (Figs. 89, 90), with-
are subequal in length with the fourth.
out a paramedian apophysis, and the pres-
Discrete black frames of the posterior
ence of a large terminal apophysis. This
median eyes (Levi 1975, fig. 58), and the
agrees with the cladogram of Scharff and
posterior eye row being procurved in
Coddington (1997).
some species, further distinguish Mango-
Distribution. Thirty-two species are
ra.
found in Mexico and Central America, 15
Description of Female. The venter of
of them new. Of these 32, 3 temperate
the female abdomen is often unmarked.
species extend their range into northern
The posterior eye row can be straight, re-
Mexico (M. gibberosa, M. placida, and M.
curved, or procurved. The anterior median
spiculata) and 3 Mexican species extend
or posterior median eyes are the largest,
into the Southwest (M. calcarifera, M. fas-
the laterals smallest, the posterior laterals
cialata, and M. passiva). Four species also
always slightly smaller than the anterior.
The clypeus height is usually equal to the are found in South America (M. amchick-
eringi, M. falconae, M. melanocephala, and
diameter of the anterior median eyes. The
first and fourth legs are subequal in length; M. pia; Maps 1, 2). Mangora melanoce-
the fourth is often thicker than the first. phala, the most common Mangora, is also
Individual specimens of a species vary in the most widespread, from the Isthmus of
darkness of their coloration. Tehuantepec to Peru and Brazil (Map IE).
Description of Male. The male has sim- Only one species, M. fascialata, is found
ilar but lighter coloration than the female. in the West Indies excluding Trinidad
The eyes are slightly closer to each other (Map 2A).
than in the female. The endite tubercle is Names. An attempt was made to not use
minute, often hard to see or just a tiny specific names used before in the family.
142 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158 No. 4
Distinguishing Characters of Species. KEY TO FEMALE MANGORA
Female of one species, M. sufflava, is not known
For separating Mangora species, exami-
nation of the color pattern is useful, and it I A black longitudinal line on venter of
is essential to examine not only the ventral femora one and two (Fig. 100); abdo-
men dorsum with two or three lines
view of the epigynum, but also the poste- (Figé¢ 98409) ain Oseee d eal 2
rior view (Figs. 2, 9, 15), by lifting the epi-
Legs without black longitudinal lines;
gynum with a needle or folding it over. In- dorsum at times with lines
ternal genitalia do not provide good char- In posterior view, epigynum with median
plate upside-down T-shaped (Fig. 92);
acters to separate species.
southeastern Canada to Tamaulipas
Males generally are similar to females in
(Mayo Sli) Giese eset eh eee eee gibberosa
color pattern. Their palpi are so complex
Epigynum with median plate heart-
that only a slight twist of the palpus pro- shaped (Fig. 98); Mexico to Honduras,
vides a different image (Figs. 5-7). NWestalnidiesn (lay 2).) sae fascialata
Abdomen with circular gray or black dots
Unrecognizable Species. 1 start system-
and/or posterior rectangles on whitish
atic revisions by checking catalogs (Plat-
(in alcohol) dorsum (Figs. 139, 178,
nick, 2004; Roewer, 1942). According to LSD Wyte ae Wy a, Se eee ee aes 4
these catalogs, Zilla decolorata Keyserling, Without circular spots or posterior, black
1893, is described from Brazil. I borrowed réctamgles, Bats Wu a Ee ee 12
One pair of gray spots, plus black rec-
the holotype from BMNH and found it to
tangles or bands on posterior of whitish
be a male collected in Bahia, Brazil, and
(in alcohol) abdomen (Figs. 139, 143)
the type is marked Zilla decolorata (C. L.
Koch). Koch described a Zilla decora, list- Abdomen with spots only or posterior
black rectangles only (Figs. 178, 203)
ed in Volume 3 of Bonnet (1961) as de-
colorata, but it comes from Germany and
Epigynum with borders around lateral
is a synonym of Mangora acalypha (Wal- plates (Fig. 140); Chiapas (Map 2E) -
ckenaer, 1802). Although Zilla decolorata SH Sod Yah ale A a ee ee goodnightorum
Keyserling had been placed in Araneus Epigynum with lateral plates indistinct
(Fig. 136); Campeche (Map 2E)
and Zygiella, the male examined was a
i mene Cashel, ara, SACS 3 TTA Hien campeche
Mangora.
Abdomen dorsum with circular, black
When working on the Brazilian Man- Cotes (mies WHS), WES)) 5 te 7
gora and checking original literature, I Abdomen without black dots, posterior
found to my surprise that Zilla decolorata with gray or black rectangles, some-
times pairs of lighter rectangles more
was described from a female from Gua-
eimgeralore (Carte MEP) oo a ave oa 8
temala. Now that I have seen most Central
Abdomen dorsum with a series of black
American Mangora, I do not recognize it. dots (Fig. 178); epigynum as in Figure
It is relatively large, total length 5.9 mm, 175; Yucatan Peninsula to Chiapas
but in Central America, only Mangora GAY Fey opal Niaase PSR ae pS Sle chicanna
Abdomen with only one pair of black
with a pair of posterior rectangular black
dots (Fig. 185); epigynum as in Figure
spots are this large. Most Mangora are
182; Guatemala to Panama (Map 2H)
smaller. It might be Chrysometa lancetilla xt A gens tA 6 oY OE Se purulha
Levi (Tetragnathidae) but Chrysometa has Epigynum with a posterior, median, oval
shorter fourth legs than those Keyserling or angular notch (Figs. 193, 200) ___.. 9
Epigynum with a median posterior scape
measured for Zilla decolorata.
Bonnet (1957) cites Petrunkevitch
Notch oval with a median anterior tuber-
(1911) as writing that Z. decolorata also cle (Fig. 193); central Mexico to Costa
appears in Brazil, but Petrunkevitch Rica (Miaph2 eaae e e bimaculata
(1911) indicated that it is found in Gua- Notch triangular (Fig. 200); Panama to
northern South America (Map 2]) 4.
temala. (A line below cites a spider from
Epigynum scape flanked by a semicircu-
Brazil.) I consider the name unrecogniz-
lar notch on each side (Fig. 189); Costa
able. Rica, Panama (Map 2H) -........... schneirlai
CENTRAL AMERICAN MANGORA ° Lewi 1438
No such notches present 20, 22); Texas to Costa Rica (Map 1D)
Scape a semicircular, short lobe (Fig. ie SO aL.= a oe, ee ee calcarifera
215); in posterior view, median plate Epigynum lacking these diagonal marks
flanked by narrow lateral plates (Fig. DD
216); Costa Rica (Map 2K) corcovado Epigynum with a median scape or pos-
Scape with base narrower than tip (Fig. terior lobe or sphere (Figs. 104, 110,
208); posterior median plate upside- GRE Gale)
down T-shaped (Fig. 209); Panama to Epigynum without scape or median lobe
(Figs. 1, 8, 14, 30)
Venezuela (Map 2K) falconae
12(3) Abdomen (in alcohol) all white (Fig. Scape flanked by large depressions (Fig.
160), or with a median longitudinal 164); Panama (Map 2G) candida
white band flanked by darker lateral Epigynum lacking depressions next to
bands (Figs. 134, 147) scape
Abdomen otherwise Scape flanked by diagonal sclerotized
Abdomen all white (Fig. 160); México, bars (Fig. 110); southeastern Canada to
Michoacan (Map 2G) ixtapan Nuevo Léon (Map 2B) placida
Abdomen with median band flanked by Epigynum otherwise
dark lateral bands (Figs. 134, 147) Scape flanked at some distance by
14(13) Epigynum with a median oval scape (Fig. curved, parallel bars (Fig. 104); eastern
131); Costa Rica, western Panama United States to probably Tamaulipas
(Map 2D) fortuna (Map 1K) spiculata
Epigynum with a small median posterior Epigynum otherwise
lobe (Fig. 144); Costa Rica (Map 2E) In posterior view, epigynum sclerotized,
and lateral plates with a dorsal lobe
15(12) Venter of abdomen posterior to epigyn- (Fig. 117); Oaxaca (Map 2C) oaxaca
um with a median patch with white In posterior view, lightly sclerotized, lat-
pigment spots (Figs. 53, 61, 66, 153) eral plates without a dorsal lobe (Figs.
eT)
Venter of abdomen behind epigynum 27(26) In posterior view, median plate with a
without a median white patch pair of ventral, lateral lobes (Fig. 122);
16(15) Abdomen dorsum with a pair of upside- México, Veracruz (Map 2C) nahuatl
down, comma-shaped marks on black Posterior median plate without lateral
(Fig. 152); epigynum as in Figures lobes (Fig. 127); western Panama (Map
148-151; Arizona to Nicaragua (Map 9] Bp| lalate 2 SOL er ee OS Se ret Ro volcan
2F) passiva 28(22) Epigynum with indistinct median oval
Abdomen and epigynum otherwise cavity, but with distinct, large, oval
Posterior of epigynum with median plate spermathecae, closer than their length
longer than wide (Fig. 63); Mexico to from the margin (Fig. 14); Mexico to
lomeumrasn (Vitara gil seen eens mobilis Honduras (Map 1C)
Median plate wider than long (Figs. 50, Epigynum otherwise
DO) aie Wiens FE eve Pm ee AVR BONO ETN ee 18 Spermathecae more than two diameters
Posterior median plate a narrow trans- from posterior border and a flattened,
verse band (Fig. 50); Yucatan Penin- posterior chevron, usually with a me-
Sulay GMa i hte set ent oh eh eine itza dian notch or seam (Figs. 30, 34, 39);
Posterior median plate not band-shaped Veracruz to Brazil and Peru (Map 1E)
(Bigs Shane) leOse wee
19 staadeass UP MON en ee ties Int melanocephala
Posterior median plate with an anterior Spermathecae closer to border, epigyn-
lobe on each side (Fig. 72); Honduras um with different border (Figs. 1, 8)
to Costa Rica (Map 1H) distincta
Median plate without anterior lobes 30(29) Epigynum with a posterior, sclerotized,
(ERsG e5 S Silo) create Varet oEae oh 2/1 a slightly wavy border (Fig. 8); Costa
Lateral plates in ventral view with a lat- Rica (Map 1B) craigae
eral, dark mark on median side of Epigynum with a straight border (Fig. 1);
scape (Fig. 57); Nayarit (Map 1F) Costa Rica, Panama (Map 1A) 4_ montana
acaponeta
Lateral plates with dark marks anteriorly KEY TO MALE MANGORA
(Fig. 80); Costa Rica to northern South Males of nine species (M. acaponeta, M. campeche,
America (Map 11) amchickeringi M. corcovado, M. fortuna, M. goodnightorum, M.
21(15) Epigynum with diagonal duct marks nahuatl, M. oaxaca, M. schneirlai, and M. volcan)
showing through cuticle on each side are not known
anterior to median depression (Figs. 1 A black longitudinal line on venter of
144 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158 No. 4
SwEok SS:O Ea,e , ;
melanocephala
hed< COLOMBIA
calcarifera
areSeAaz
@acaponeta
® jtza
Map 1. Distribution of Mangora species.
CENTRAL AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi 145
UNITED STATES
fascialata
volcan e
fortunaa
@ campeche
e nahuatl
8 goodnightorum
go Oaxaca
vito
WiV o meTeh a io
@ candida
® jxtapan
e chicanna 1S
8 sufflava a purulha
@ schneirlai
a corcovado
~® falconae
Map 2. Distribution of Mangora species.
146 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158 No. 4
femora one and two (Fig. 100); abdo- = Terminal apophysis with only thorn or
men dorsum with two or three lines only truncate tip
(Rips/93 400) Mae a tees ee 2
13(12) Terminal apophysis, in apical view, with
= Legs without black longitudinal lines ___ 3 only a thorn (Fig. 5); Costa Rica, Pan-
Palpus in apical view with a blunt trian- ama (Map 1A) montana
gular projection (Fig. 96); southeastern = Terminal apophysis, in apical view, with
Canada to Tamaulipas (Map IJ) only a truncate tip (Fig. 17); Mexico to
£cfb Seb iad an Oe dee MN ce, SE gibberosa Honduras (Map 1C) picta
= Palpus, in apical view, with a wide band 14(10) Terminal apophysis, in apical view, with
(Fig. 101); Mexico to Honduras, West a sclerotized, pointed rod (Figs. 67, 76,
Iinchiesa(Mape2/\) ee ee eee fascialata SS, SOL ASA? 6. Sok 2 Oh A) dace! ee 15
Macroseta ventrally on proximal end of Terminal apophysis otherwise 20
Oude wcerontoe CS, 87, LOW) ea 4 15(14) Rod sword-shaped with one straight and
= Without such macrosetae 6 one curved edge (Fig. 154); Arizona to
Nicaragua (Map 2F)) =o) =) passiva
Small size, less than 2.5 mm total length;
palpus with filiform embolus (Figs. 434 = Terminal apophysis tip otherwise _______ 16
16(15) Rod with right angle (Fig. 161); México,
45), Veracruz to Brazil and Peru (Map
Michoacan (Map 2G) __ ixtapan
1h] Dy eee eh Shae ee SOR tn melanocephala
= Rod otherwise (Fig. 168)
= Large size, more than 3 mm total length;
17(16) Sword-shaped rod with both sides evenly
palpus otherwise, Panama to northern
curved (Fig. 168); Panama (Map 2G)
South America (Maps 2], K)
TSR ee a a ele candida
Palpus, in apical view, with a sclerotized,
= Terminal rod first curved in one direc-
mG tdavorern (Imes, ALD) falconae
tion, distally in another (Figs. 67, 76,
= Palpus with only a small thorn (Fig. 204;
85) ek ee a A oe ee 18
Map 2])
18(17) In mesal view, median apophysis with
Abdomen dorsum with black, circular
evenly curved <top= (Fig. 79); Hondu-
spots or rectangles posteriorly (Figs.
ras to Costa Rica (M ap iE) == distincta
SESS 192) eeseen ee Tl
- Median apophysis <top= not so curved
= Abdomen otherwise 10
CHigs. <0, 88) 2) Ae Saas eee ee 19
Abdomen dorsum with black or gray cir-
19(18) Both spines of median apophysis almost
@ullare Crous (anws, WHS, WSS) ae 8
equal in size; <top= flattened (Fig. 88);
= Abdomen with black or gray rectangles
Costa Rica to northern South America
jomstwesetordyy y( TEMG NOR) ee 9
(Mays 2. oe a ee amchickeringi
Abdomen dorsum with a series of pairs
<= One spine much larger than other; <top=
of dots (Fig. 178); palpus as in Figures
skewed (Fig. 70); México to Honduras
179-181; Yucatan Peninsula to Chiapas
(Map: LG) Ss 00: (eaae eee e mobilis
(Miaro: 251) ioe 2s oie ae eee eek shames chicanna
20(14) Terminal apophysis, in apical view, with
~ Abdomen dorsum with one pair of dots
thorn and lobe, separated by a notch
(Fig. 185); palpus as in Figures 1864
as in Figure 54; Yucatan Peninsula
188; Guatemala to Panama (Map 2H) CMAai n SIGE) coolee die E.N itza
CE Bean ee ed tina! Petit St purulha
= Terminal apophysis otherwise (Figs. 107,
Palpus, in apical view, with sickle-shaped iLa]RS) eaten 2 ey RCT 2 a ee Ae ee Mh
structure (Fig. 197); central Mexico to 21(20) Median apophysis with two spines (6h in
Costa Rica (Mia) 2) ee bimaculata Fig. 108); southeastern Canada to
_ Palpus, in apical view, with drawn-out Nueva Léon (Map 1K) __. spiculata
point (Fig. 173); western Panama (Map = Median apophysis with one spine (6 h in
2G) sufflava
Fig. 114); eastern United States to
Left palpus, in apical view, showing em- Nuevo Kéonk (Map) 23) oss placida
bolus with counterclockwise filament
(Figs: 5 aileli26). 0 eeeae ee ul
Mangora montana Chickering
= ANB ICAll VIO OWNEINIISS cccnecaccceeecceenneeneenese 14 Figures 1-7; Map 1A
11(10) Embolus turns clockwise before revers-
ing direction (Fig. 26); Texas to Costa Mangora montana Chickering, 1954: 204, figs. 15-17,
Rica (Map 1D) calcarifera 26. Male holotype and female allotype from El
= Embolus turns only counterclockwise Voledn, Panama, in MCZ, examined. Platnick,
(Higs. Social) tes ace ian Si 12
92004.
12(11) Terminal apophysis, in apical view, with
Description. Female paratype from El
single, large, sclerotized thorn adjacent
Voleén. Carapace, legs, sternum grayish
to a truncate tip (Fig. 11); Costa Rica
craigae orange-white. Abdomen dorsum with
CENTRAL AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi 147
black, gray, and white pigment spots (Fig. Paratypes. PANAMA Chiriqut: Boquete, July 1939,
12 (A. M. Chickering, MCZ); El Volcan, 20 Feb.
3); venter well marked (Fig. 4). Posterior
1936, many 26 (W. J. Gertsch, AMNH); Aug. 1950,
eye row procurved. Ocular trapezoid long-
29 (A. M. Chickering, MCZ); Cerro Punta, 3 Feb.
er than wide, widest posteriorly. Posterior
1936, 12 (W. J. Gertsch, AMNH).
median eyes 1.5 diameters of anterior me-
Specimens Examined. COSTA RICA Puntarenas:
dians; lateral eyes 0.8 diameter. Anterior
Butlers Finca, 9°159N, 83°47'W, 28 Jan. 1976, 29
median eyes 0.9 diameter apart, 0.9 from
(Roth-Schropfer, AMNH); San Isidro del General,
laterals. Posterior median eyes 0.7 diame- 66041,300 m, 22 (D. Round, MCZ); Osa Peninsula,
ter apart, 0.7 from laterals. Total length 3.4 4 km SW Rincon, 08°42'N, 83°29'W, Feb. 1967, 1d
(Organization for Tropical Studies, MCZ).
mm. Carapace 1.5 mm long, 1.1 wide in
thoracic region, 0.7 wide behind eyes, 0.7
Mangora craigae new species
high. First femur 1.4 mm, patella and tibia
Figures 8-13; Map 1B
1.7, metatarsus 1.4, tarsus 0.7. Second pa-
tella and tibia 1.7 mm, third 1.0, fourth Holotype. Male holotype from Monteverde Cloud
1.6. Forest, Bosque del Rio, 1,580 m, Puntarenas Prov-
Male from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. ince, Costa Rica, 13 July 1977, female paratype, 4
Aug. 1977 (C. L. Craig) in MCZ. The species is
Lighter than female, with only faint col-
named after the collector, arachnologist Cay Craig.
oration on dorsum of abdomen. Posterior
eye row procurved. The median eye trap- Description. Female paratype. Prosoma
ezoid is longer than wide, slightly wider orange, with legs lighter. Abdomen or-
posteriorly. Posterior median eyes 1.3 di- ange-white with a pair of dorsal, longitu-
ameters of anterior medians; lateral eyes dinal bands of white spots (Fig. 10), sides
0.6 diameter. Anterior median eyes 0.8 di- with similar bands, joining anteriorly; ven-
ameter apart, 0.8 from laterals. Posterior ter with bands between epigynum and
median eyes 0.4 diameter apart, 0.4 from spinnerets. Posterior eye row procurved.
laterals. Height of clypeus 1.5 diameters of Ocular trapezoid longer than wide, widest
anterior median eye. Total length 2.3 mm. posteriorly. Posterior median eyes 1.3 di-
Carapace 1.3 mm long, 1.0 wide in tho- ameters of anterior medians; anterior lat-
racic region, 0.4 wide behind lateral eyes, eral eyes 1.0 diameter, posterior laterals
0.7 high. First femur 1.3 mm, patella and 0.7. Anterior median eyes their diameter
tibia 1.4, metatarsus 1.2, tarsus 0.6. Sec- apart, 1.0 diameter from laterals. Posterior
ond patella and tibia 1.2 mm, third 0.7, median eyes their diameter apart, 1.0 di-
fourth 1.2. ameter from laterals. Total length 3.5 mm.
Variation. Total length of females 2.64 Carapace 1.6 mm long, 1.3 wide in tho-
3.6 mm, males 2.142.6 mm. The illustra- racic region, 0.7 wide behind eyes, 0.8
tions were made from female paratypes high. First femur 1.7 mm, patella and tibia
and males from El Volc4n, Panama. 1.8, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 0.8. Second pa-
Diagnosis. Mangora montana is darker tella and tibia 1.7 mm, third 1.3, fourth
(Figs. 3, 4) than M. craigae (Fig. 10), and ily
the epigynum has a sclerotized, almost Male holotype. Lighter than female.
posterior straight edge (Fig. 1), whereas Eye arrangement similar to that of female.
that of M. craigae is less sclerotized (Fig. Posterior median eyes 1.0 diameter of an-
8) and the posterior edge has slight dents terior medians; lateral eyes 0.6 diameter.
(Figs. 8, 9). Anterior median eyes 1.0 diameter apart,
The male is distinguished from that of 0.8 from laterals. Posterior median eyes
M. craigae by a differently shaped terminal 0.8 diameter apart, 0.8 from laterals. Total
apophysis (compare 12 h in Figs. 5-7 and length 2.7 mm. Carapace 1.4 mm long, 1.2
12 h in Figs. 11-13). wide in thoracic region, 0.5 wide behind
Distribution. Costa Rica, western Pan- eyes, 0.8 high. First femur 1.5 mm, patella
ama (Map 1A). ang) tibia 16, metatarsus 123, tarsus 0,7.
148 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158 No. 4
Second patella and tibia 1.5 mm, third 0.8, tum [?], Guatemala in BMNH, examined. F. P-
fourth 1.5. Cambridge, 1904: 479, pl. 45, fig. 14, ¢. Platnick,
2004.
Variation. Total length of females 2.84
Mangora trilineata O. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 14, pl. 3,
3.8 mm, males 2.642.7 mm. The illustra-
fig. 7, 2. Female lectotypes, here designated from
tions were made from female paratypes, Chiacam [coffee plantation, Alta Verapaz, 26 km
and male from the holotype. NE Coban (Selander and Vaurie, 1962)], Guate-
mala, in BMNH, examined. F. O. P.-Cambridge,
Diagnosis. Mangora craigae is lighter
1904: 480; pl. 45, fig. 20, 2. Chickering, 1954: 213,
than M. montana and has the epigynum
figs. 27, 28, 2. Platnick, 2004. NEW SYNONYMY.
lightly sclerotized with an undulating pos-
terior edge (Fig. 8), unlike that of M. mon- Note. Chickering (1954) noted, correct-
tana (Fig. 1); in posterior view the median ly, that the female described with Mangora
plate is smaller (Fig. 9) than that of M. picta is actually the female of M. melano-
cephala (=M. spinula), but overlooked the
montana.
In the palpus of the male, the terminal correct match of the female of M. trilinea-
apophysis (12 h in Figs. 11-13) is different ta with the male of M. picta. Males and
in shape from that of M. montana (Figs. females are commonly collected together.
a Description. Female from Xilitla, San
Natural History. Specimens have been Luis Potosi, Mexico. Carapace orange,
found in cloud forest at Monteverde, and with a dusky patch on each side of thoracic
roadside in forest in Braulio Carrillo Na- region. Legs light orange. Abdomen or-
tional Park. ange-white, with posterior median black
Distribution. Costa Rica (Map 1B). ladder, and areas with white pigment spots
(Fig. 16); venter orange-white. Posterior
Paratypes. COSTA RICA Cartago [?]: Orosi [<cen-
eye row procurved. Ocular trapezoid lon-
tral flat land,9 Reimoser, 1940], 12 (Picado, MC7Z).
ger than wide, widest posteriorly. Posterior
San José: Braulio Carrillo Natl. Park, 1,400-1,600 m,
26 July 1983, 22 (H., L. Levi, W. Eberhard, MCZ); median eyes 1.5 diameters of anterior me-
Bajo Hondura, 1,250 m, Mar. 1986, 32; 26 July 1983, dians; lateral eyes 0.7 diameter. Anterior
3¢; Dec. 1989, 22 (W. Eberhard, MCZ): Rio Hon-
median eyes 0.6 diameter apart, 0.6 from
dura, 30 Mar. 1991, 1,200 m, 22 (W. Eberhard,
laterals. Posterior median eyes 0.4 diame-
MCZ); Zurqui, 1,600 m, May 1992, 1d (W. Eber-
hard, MCZ). Alajuela: Pefias Blancas, headwaters of ter apart, 0.5 from laterals. Total length 2.7
Rio Pefias Blancas, 13 July 1980, 12 (J. Coddington, mm. Carapace 1.2 mm long, 1.0 wide in
MCZ). Puntarenas: Monteverde Biol. Reserve, 17 thoracic region, 0.5 wide behind eyes, 0.7
Mar. 1979, 12; 3 Apr. 1979; 1¢; 5 june 1980, 12 (J.
high. First femur 1.5 mm, patella and tibia
Coddington, MCZ, USNM); Bosque del Rio, 1 May
1977, 19; 11 May 1977, 19; 3 July 1977, 19; 23 July 1.7, metatarsus 1.4, tarsus 0.6. Second pa-
1977, 19; 3 Aug. 1977, 12; 24 May 1978, 16 (C. L.
tella and tibia 1.5 mm, third 0.9, fourth
Craig, MCZ); Bosque Nuboso, 22 July 1978, 1¢ (C. LZ,
L. Craig, P. Klass, MCZ); Las Cruces nr. San Vito,
Male lighter than female. Posterior me-
1,100 m, Jan. 1987, 22 (W. Eberhard, MCZ).
dian eyes 1.5 diameters of anterior medi-
Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge ans; lateral eyes 0.7 diameter. Anterior me-
Figures 14-19; Map 1C dian eyes 1.0 diameter apart, 0.8 from lat-
erals. Posterior median eyes 1.3 diameters
Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 14, pl. 3, fig.
5, 3. Male lectotype here designated from Chac- apart, 0.8 from laterals. Total length 1.8
4s
Figures 1-7. Mangora montana Chickering. 1-4, female. 1, 2, epigynum. 1, ventral. 2, posterior. 3, abdomen, dorsal. 4, ab-
domen, ventral. 5-7, male, left palpus. 5, apical. 6, mesal. 7, ventral.
Figures 8-13. Mangora craigae new species. 8-10, female. 8, 9, epigynum. 8, ventral. 9, posterior. 10, abdomen, dorsal. 114
13, male, palpus. 11, apical. 12, mesal. 13, ventral.
Figures 14-19. Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge. 14416, female. 14, 15, epigynum. 14, ventral. 15, posterior. 16, abdomen,
dorsal. 17-19, male, palpus. 17, apical. 18, mesal. 19, ventral.