The occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health concern in drinking water : results of a nationwide DBP occurrence study

472 Pages·2002·33.2 MB·English

by  Weinberg, Howard (Howard S.)

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United States
Environmental Protection
M ^Agency
The Occurrence of Disinfection
By-Products (DBPs) of Health
Concern in Drinking Water:
Results of a Nationwide DBP
Occurrence Study

EPA/600/R-02/068
September 2002
The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)
of Health Concern in Drinking Water:
Results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study
Howard S. Weinberg
The Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC
Stuart W. Krasner
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
La Veme, CA
Susan D. Richardson and Alfred D. Thruston, Jr.
Ecosystems Research Division
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, GA
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, GA
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with vegetable-based ink on
paper that contains a minimum of
50% post-consumer fiber content
processed chlorine free.
DISCLAIMER
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of
Research and Development partially funded and collaborated in the research described here. The
information in this document has been partially funded under Cooperative Agreement No.
826697. It has been peer reviewed by the EPA and approved for publication. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
LC Control Number
2003 373312
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments.4
Glossary of Terms.5
Executive Summary.8
Introduction.11
Results
EPA Region 9: Plants 1 and 2.22
EPA Region 6: Plants 11 and 12.65
EPA Region 4: Plants 7 and 8.121
EPA Region 4: Plants 5 and 6.164
EPA Region 3: Plants 3 and 4.214
EPA Regions 5 and 7: Plants 9 and 10.270
Conclusions.320
Appendix.322
Experimental Methods
Chemical Standards.323
Solid Phase Extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method.343
Liquid-Liquid Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection Method.365
Closed-Loop Stripping Analysis Method.374
Purge-and-Trap-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method.380
Halogenated Furanones Method.393
Carbonyl Method.429
Broadscreen Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Procedure.444
Mass Spectra for New Disinfection By-products Reported.448
Mass Spectra for MX Analogues.455
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the following people who contributed to this project.
University of North Carolina
Gretchen D. Onstad Ramiah Sangaiah Vanessa Pereira
Gary L. Glish Karupiah Jayaraj Katrina Jamison
Christine N. Dalton Lindsay Dubbs Zhengqi Ye
Philip C. Singer Petra Strunk
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Alicia Gonzalez Lely Suhady Hsiao-Chiu Wang
Salvador Pastor Jacob Nikonchuk Ching Kuo
Russell Chinn Leslie Bender Suzanne Teague
Michael J. Sclimenti Vaheh Martyr Robert Alvarez
Sylvia Barrett Tim Albrecht Jesus Vasquez, Jr.
Pat Hacker Bart Koch Eric Crofts
Sikha Kundu Tiffany Lee Himansu Mehta
U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
Terrance L. Floyd
F. Gene Crumley
We also need to express appreciation to Leif Kronberg and Angel Messegauer for providing
samples of furanone standards, as well as Bruce McKague (Can Syn Chem Co.), Francesc
Ventura (Aigues of Barcelona, Spain) and George Majetich (Majestic Research) for providing
standards for quantitative methods and new DBP identification work.
Last, but not least, we would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the participating
utilities that collected the samples, provided operational and water quality data, and ensured a
successful survey. Without their generous cooperation, this study would not have been possible.
We are also extremely grateful to the U.S. EPA Office of Water and Office of Prevention,
Pesticides, and Toxic Substances scientists who undertook the initial DBP prioritization effort
that provided the focus for this study. Thank you to Vicki Dellarco, Yin-Tak Woo, David Lai,
Jennifer McLain, and Mary Ko Manibusan.
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