Table Of ContentCarroll I* foapf
A thesis Sufanitted to the Sraiuats .Faculty
for tlio Bagree of
doctor m m m m m m
Major Subject* Poultry Hutrttioa
Approw it
/ / £ (a ]LQjd2_Jz
Iowa State College
1942
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UMI Number: DP13188
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I6BLB 07 C0WBHIS
ISTROOTGTI0W ..••.••«•«••••••*•••**•••**«••*...*«..•.*«<.•....*«« 4:
Cora Ml *•»*
feather Protein ....a ....................... 8
is?xav op w m um m ***•••** »«••*••»>«*•*«•»«•*••*#*****•*««**•* 6
Cora Oil Meal • •*******••***•**»• * **#-*'*-* *.*,* *** * * *00*00 ***##♦# 0
Esriitiii ftriitdSji ****** ****** * **** * * * * ** ***** ** * * ♦ *** #*#•***■** 0
EXPERIMENTAL *••••*» ***************** **** •*•••****•**«••«»*••••*• II
flss of laveefelgstica 11
Materials ***•-*# «•••»*** *e*e**eO* ***** ****-***.*.»***## * O * # * * *• ' 11
Chicle experim®nts .**.*«.•*.....••.«•••••••••••..•*•«*. 11
Safe experiments « * 12
Experimental■Procedure aid Results * **** **#* ****** ***** ***** II
General j^oesdtef# II
Chick.experiments .....................« ............... II
Rat experiments ************ * » *ee**«»ee***ees»* * * * IS
The protein and rifeoflswia*a«6fe«»fe of corn oil meal.... If
Procedure ....... ********** * **■****■♦#* ***** #*.-# ****** ■ IS
Results IS
Palafeabilitf’-of corn oil meal ■ 19
Procedure • * • ..................................... 19
Results ...«..«**«.............* * . .* * . •.««...«..*. 20
Amino acid deficiencies of corn oil meal ******** ****** 14
Group feeding method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4
Procedure ......... ......... 24
Results ****************** #H
Paired feeding method . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2?
Procedure ............ 27
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Supplementation between corn oil meal .end several
common high protein .feeds 34
Experiment one * * * * e e e•#e«*#**ee*ee*e«e«***«*•*•** 34
Procedure • ***•*«*•***•******** * * * e******* * * * * * 34
Results 34
Bxperiment teo **** * • e * * * * * * * * *• * * * « • • e * ********** 34
Procedure * ***** « * • * ***•»**#**#*>*«* * ***** ****** 34
Results . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
r nutritive value of sodium sulfide treated feathers. 42
Procedure ...........».**«»«.«•*.«.•.•««*«•..*••.« -42
Results «..• *• *♦*».#*#»*.**..<••»««..•••............ 44
TT4TT
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the effect of autoolaviag on the nutritive value
of feathoi? jpf*0t#^kn 4?
Proeedura 4?
Result# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
P£I*PPSfiiiC3ft ♦ * * *■*•** *#*#•*•**#• *«***• ****** * «* + *-*»«»** a ••*•«••••••• * 00
@W0WS1§I§ . ... •«*.**• 59
m m m r 61
3t!BRStA3^B9E §1?®^- .*#*•#*•■*■#*#**■#■#■ *»»#■# * *•.#.-* *- * #- * # * * * * # .# # * *--* *•*»••••*» 63
AGtt<aSJMMft8 . . .. ......... ... * * « . . .....a....*. 4$
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The proteins, as mm of the primary groups of nutrients, have oam-
mandftd Mia attention of* research workers for aaatr ve&rs. Althouu-h results
seepe*—©■oeae we w— se tSW si *iwfw ®® w..— — sa •— sirs ty ^y »f"*w sw ssws^ar^^t^w*jsai J® s®s» "aai ws»
of thsir experiments hav® demonstrated that various proteins differ great
ly in their nutritive value, knowlsdg® la this field ia s till incomplete.
Since a large portion of the animal diet mist he compounded fro® h i#
quality protein feeds, which mm usually hi# prised, it' i« important that
thi# jpaterttttfc group he utilized as efficiently m possible,
the first part of this Investigation m s conducted to obtain experi
mental results on the nutritive value of com oil weal protein, and the
second part m the nutritive value of feather pretela*.
Com Oil Meal
Com oil meal is an important com m illing by-product that has been
produced on a commercial seal© sine® the beginning of the twentieth cm*
tury. It consists of the corn germ after the- oil tea tern extracted end
it contains fro® 20 to 25 percent protein.
Whan the starch, glucose and hominy industries first developed, m &
commercial scale, the unextraeted com gem was disposed of fey adding it
to feed products. However, as th© demand for vegetable oils increased,
it became profitable to expel the oil fro® th© com gera. thus, com o il
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Wild, replaced th# corn germs as * tf^pminoi of the ®&m m illing industry.
Because starch alone is required in more than thirty modern industries,
-to# business of separating it from th* com kernel 1* * very important in
dustry. At least fourteen large plaits are mm operating is th* United
States processing from 60,000,000 to 80,000,000 bushels of shelled com each
year, this means that from *§,0®§ to S§,i§§ tons of com oil ami. are avail
able annually as a by-product of the starch industry. Sine* experimental
results involving the feeding value of oora oil meal are inconclusive, it
seemed advisable to determine sews of the qualities of this protect*
Feather f^wt»ia
Many thousand tons of feathers or* available each year in th* United
.States -as a by-product of the poultry »®*i tatestry* 8mm- mm owed for
industrial purposes, hut several thousand toms rmmtm unused,
Slook (4) «e*lys«jd tarns' feathers and found them to contain large
amounts of glycine, oystiae, argt&in** phenylalanine, and lysine*. Experi
mental results of lose (10), Alwjulst (1), and legs**#, *t al (i) (10)
indicate, that with th* possible exception of cystine, those amino acids
are indispoasible t» the diet of the rat or ©hick*
Since Goddard and Miohaelia (f) demonstrated that chem ically treated
feather jr«b*t» 1* digested by pepsin and trypsin in vitro sad sinoe feathers
offer a potential source of valuable protein feed, It seemed advisable to
investigate th* witrlttve value of treated feather protein*
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m m m m tm m m m
Cora Oil Meal
ka. analysis ®£ m m #11 seal was report©# by 'to##*1 (If) as early as.
186?. ' Since that time many analyses have teen made whieh show that ©ora
oil meal has the following approximate percent composition* . Protein,
23.0} nitrogen-fre# ©xtrwt, #§*0} fat, 6.0; ash, 2.0} fiber, 7,0j and
moisture, @.0.
As early as 1094 foorehees (21): reported the results of an experiment
in which a diet containing * large amount of ©cam oil meal was fed to one
lot of two animals. Bet did nob state the kind of animals used,, but the
typo of diet indicates they ware cattle. Be found that com o il meal was
absolutely refused by on® animal, but after being disguised by mixing with
otter ingredients of th® diet, was eagerly eaten by the other. 'Is. con
cluded that, "Corn oil oak* is ■ wry rlob In fat and should not be ■ fed $»
excessive amounts."
In IMS Lindsey (14) determined the digestion coefficient for sheep
of a mixture of 260 grams of ©ora oil meal and TOO grams of English hay
(mostly Wm protons is). Be reports the following digestion coefficients
for the ©ora oil meal diet as a percentage* dry matter, 79.82} protein,
69.11} fiber, 94.90} nitrogea-fre® extract, 86,66 and fat, 96.66.
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f
■ Muesehl ad Aokerson (18) aiurriei m mm experiment in which th©
nutritive valus of m m #11 a«A la th# diet of th# chick m s compared
•with corn gluten feed mA cam gluten a©al, At diet* oontAnod exactly
th# Bam# percent of protein. Their results indicated that com oil meal
was act aa valuable for growing chicks as either of the other two products.
They did act' determine whether the results obtained on th# com #11 meal
diet were da# to poor :|#lat«hlll% ' or to a low nutritive value. Later
Hasaehl { if| replaced 1® $wr#*H& of th# corn meal in the diet of th#' chick
with com #11' meal fresh from th# manufacturer and obtained a satisfactory
growth -rat#* He also found this ration to be palatable. However, febraska
workers found commercial com #11 mm&l to be rather variable in it# growth
promoting properties. From th© re«ttlt* of & very limited number of experi
ments they concluded that 20 percent of 'th# chick diet can be compounded
frost corn #11 meal provided th®. product is strictly fr#»h when fed.
A few reports have been published on the- feeding of corn germ meal to
animals. Corn germ meal differs from «#ra oil meal in that it contains a
greater percentage of #11, Mm th® two products are similar seme Idea of
the nutritive value of th© former may be obtained from experimental results
using th© latter,
McCollum, *t A* (IS.) made sever A attempts to nourish young rats on
a diet consisting *#l#ly of m m gem and wtxtair## ®f corn germ and Whole
ground eorn In severA proportions. Their attempts war* uniformly unsuc
cessful. All rat* placed m these diets died in approximately three weeks.
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111®*# result® w*r# contrary to th® findings of Gasert©' (6) who stated,
"Maise germ and it* *tto*r**l #*tra©t law* no toxic properties, bat m
the contrary shoe favor able #«sMsti» effects.**
SbgHnrlaMKfc* conducted by loruttau (g), on man and aaim&la 'With • corn
germ preparation indi oat© that the utilisation of nitrogen of this product
corresponds to-that of meat. Increased growth m s observed in young dogs,
rabbits, ■ and mice when fed this product.
■ ieratta frotoin
So r»*®*r«h# of which the author is aware, ha® hem conducted involv
ing the feeding of feather protein la th# animal diet.
Slosh. (4) reported th# foilawing percentages for th# composition of
hen featner®* »ttr#f«tt, 1S*S| sulphur, f,§|- glycine, #*§§ cystine, 6.Sj
arginine, phenylalanine, 5.% tyrosine*, i*tf lysine, 1.6j tryptophane,
0.7| and histidln®,
Is. aarly as 1877 luhae (13) report#® that th# Jg#r*tt» of hair m s
mad© digestible by. pepsin whoa th# surface area m s increased by mechanical
means.
ft has been demonstrated by Goddard and Miohaelis (f) that feather
prstsia can be ramdorad digestible by pepsin and trypsin, in vitro, after
trmtaent with tMoglyooli® acid, potassium cyanide -or sodium sulfide ia
an alkaline solution. fh#y abate, **fhe effect i* chiefly du© to th#
splitting of th© disulfide ©roup*, which are essential for th® mainten
ance of th# fibrous structure of keratin.” The chemically
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f
ttt*at*i ftattar* were soluble la alkali or acid, had a. definite isoelectric
point and war# digestible by f« f#la and trypsin.
Wald*©hmidt-i#it* and Sehuohmaan (ST) and Stay (2S) haw dt so observ
ed ensymatic digestion of' wool and hair after treatment with oxidising or
reducing agents*
South and Lewis (tl.) observed that powdered mm% was digested by both
trypsin and fopsia* i» vitro* Later -teth (22) found that a water extract
of powdered wool contained considerable- nitrogen* which increased rapidly
.as the tin# of pending was frultaged* B© «&** found that the- physical,
change 'la the wool, da* to grinding, was aceompaniad % oxidative changes.
Blaschko (s) included keratin protein (sheep hem) in the diet of
man sal: sheep and observed its effect * . growth of hair - and wool* In his
first experiment ho- had Ms hair sad board out to i millimeters in length.
Then, after four weeks on an ordinary Cast excessive) protein diet* re
peated tho preeoiwro and found that bo tad produced i milligrams of hair*
airing, th* second four-week period, ho supplemented th# same di#t -with a
dally dose of l,.i gam of hydroiized tarn* This resu Ited la th* produo-
tion of #.$ milligrams of hair. ©ta&imutota of the same procedure during
the third four-weeks resulted la -th# production of 9.2 milligrams of hair.
la his second experiment h© fed two sheep on an ordinary diet and two
* a portion of th# same diet supplemented with a -daily dose of 1© to If
gyams -of hydrolised h«m* After two and one-half months on these diet*,
th® wool fiber# of the sheep fad th#- *»fpleamted diet measured 3 .IS mic
ros* in width as compared to 6.9 microns far the control, Blaschko stated,
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