Table Of ContentThen on-Pama-Nyungan languages
ofn orthAeursnt racloimap:a rative
studoifet sh ceo ntinent's most
linguisctoimcpallrelexyg ion
editebdy
NicholEavsa ns
PacifiLicn guistics CentfroeRr e seaorncL ha nguaCghea nge
PacifLiicn guistics
ResearcShc hooolf P acifaincd A siaSnt udies
ina ssociatwiiotnht heC entrfeo rR esearcohn L anguagCeh ange
TheA ustralNiaatni onUanli versity
------------------------------
Pubhleibdsy PaLciinfgiuci stics
ReseaSrcchhoo ofPl a ciafniAdcs iSatnu dies
TheA ustraliaUnn ieNvrastiitoyn al
CanberArCaT 0 200
Australia
Copyriintg hheitds i tiivsoe ns tweidtP ha ciLfiincg uistics.
Firpsutbs lhie2d0 03
NatioLbniraalor fAy u strCaaaltlioag uiunbgl-iicnea-ntPtiroyn:
Nicholase dE.v ans,
Then on-Pama-Nlyaungngeguosaafn n o rtAheursnt ralia:
comparsattuidovifete hsceo nti'nmseo nsltti nguicsotmipcrlaeelgxli yo n
Biibolgraphy.
IBSN0 8 585833X8
1A.b ogriinAaulsa tlri-aAnussa tlriNao,rt h-eLrann guages.
IIT.heA ustrNaaltiiaoUnnn aielvr sRietsye.a Srcchhoo ofPl a cific
anAds iSatnu dIiIeTs.i. t (lPea.c Liifnigcu 5is52t)i.c s
4919.5
Thceo vpeari nftriontmgh ,pe a in'tKii(nnfg a lRkeilnoagnt sbi)yL' o fBtayr daNyajadalm errek,
depiac ftaas m ilyc ogmrporutipws soii nsgwt ietrthsh ehiurs ba(ntdchsoe u polnte hsre i gthhte) ,
middle woman betiot nhgme a lmoeont t hhfeea rlrse fKtu.rn eg arwrael enma biinnjkobeng
ngaljbkionbein'ngL',est t rasvoeultt ohg etshaeytrsh!m e'i ddmlaent oh is wKiufnew iinnj ku.
Thaer tipersmti'ssts ori eopnr ohdeuricgeser ateafcuoklwnllye dged.
CopyietdbeydB asWiills on
TypebsyeJ te anCeototmebe s
Covdeers ibgyEn m iyB lriesnsden
PrinbtyCe idr Pirli'nsFt yesrhs,wC iacnkb,e rra
Tabloefc ontents
Liosftm aps vi
Abbreviations vii
Controirtbsotu htviosl ume ix
Acknowledgments x
I.I NTRODUCfION
1.C ompatrianvoen -Pama-aNynAudun sgtarnha ilsitaonlr iincgauli st3i-c2s5
Nicholas Evans
IIK.I MBERLEY
2.C lassifaincsdau tbicolna ssoiftf hiNecy autlinoylnua lnagenus a g 29-74
BronwSytno kaensWd i llMicaGmr egor
3.H eadwmairrgda tiaoK ni:m bercloeuyn ter-example 75-92
PatrMiccCko nvell
IIDIA.L Y
4.P hravseartlbos ynthetriecc ovrmedorerbdp: h osycnhtnaagcet ic
inN gani'tgyemerri 9-5132
NichoRleaisd
5.T hgee nesttiacot fMu usrr inaht-hPa 152-158
IaGnr een
6.T heev oluotfvi eorsnby stientm hsEe a stDearlnly a ngufaagmei ly1 95-148
MarkH arvey
7.T hee voluotfoi jboenec ntc lpiatrigacmd sii nt hEea stDearlny
langufaagmei ly 158-201
MarHka rvey
IV.A RNHEM LAND
8.A ni nirteicaoln storfPu rcotGtiuoon nw inypghuoanno logy 205-268
MarHka rvey
v
vi
9. Dalabveorncb oj nugations 2698-32
NichoElvaasann sFd r ancMeesrclaa n
1.0 Western Gunwinyguan 285-JIH
MarHkar vey
1.1 ProGtuon winyvgeursabun f fixes JOSJ S2
Barry ANlipchheoErlv,aa sann sMd a rHka rvey
1.2 Thgee neptoisci otfMi aonng ayr:ire avidefnrconemo minal
preafitio xn 353-367
FrancMeesrclaa n
1.3 Proto gMrainwdiiant Phriont o Arenvehinedcmfe:r ovme rbal
inflecstuifofniaxle s 36-9421
RebecGcreae n
v. THEB ARKLY
1.4 WanyainG da rrcwoam pardaattiav e 425-462
GavaBnr een
1.5 WanyainG da rrcwoam pardaattiaavnu:e p date 463-417
HughB elfrage
VI.I SSUIENSD EEPR ECONSTRUCfJON
1.6 Reconstorfup crtoinioonnmaa lmso ntghn eo n-Pama-Nyungan
languages 4751-53
MarHkar vey
Liosftm aps
Map1 :N on-mPaa-Nyulnagnagnu faagmei lies 2
Map2 : Apporximtartaed iltoicoantoaiflNo ynusl nyaunlda n
neighbouring languages 32
Map3 :L anguoafgt ehse ETnodp 204
Map4 :W anyGia,r rawnand e ighbloaunrgiunagg es 424
Abbreviations
Langeu aagebvbiratuiesodtn hsr oughvooultu mteh.is
B Buarrra N Nungali
Bd Bardi Ndj Ndjebbana
BGW BiinnGju no-kw Ng Ngawluirru
Bi Binbinka Ngal Ngal(agk)an
Bu Bularnu Ngan Ngandi
D Dalabon Ngb Ngumbarl
EG EastGearrnr wa Ngk Ng agni'k nugrugurdril aect
ENN EastNeyrunl nyulan Ngr Ngarinyin
G Gurr-(gCohnaip1 t)3e r Ngty Ngagni'tyemerri
Garr(wCah ap1t)4e r Ngw Ngan'grirwdiui mailect
Gaag Gagaudju Nkr Na-kara
GN Gunwinyguan Nm Nimaunrbru
Gr Gurjiin d Nn Ngarnga
Gu Gudanji NN Nyulnyulan
J Jaminjung Nnl Nyulnyul
Ja Jawoyn nonPN non-Paymuan-gNan
Ji Jingulu Nrn Ngarnga
Jj Jarbjriabirr Nu Nunggubuyu
Jk Jukun Ny Nyangumarta
Jr Jaru Nyk Nyikina
Jw Jawi pA Proto aAluisatnr
K Kuwninyku pArn ProAtron hem
Kj Karjaarri pED ProEtaos tDearlny
Kk Kukjaat pENN Proto ENaysutlenrynu lan
Kung Kungarakany pGN Proto Gunwinyguan
Kunp Kunparlang pMan ProMtaon ingrida
M Mangarrayi PN Pama-Nyungan
Marr Marra pNgty Proto Negmaenr.ig ity
Mma Marramjasnjiin pNN Proto Nyulnyulan
Mng Marringarr pNuPN ProNtuoc lPeaamra -Nyungan
Mp Murrinpha-tha pPN Proto Pama-Nyungan
Mth Marrithiyel pSD Proto SDoaultyh ern
vii
viii
pWNN ProWteos tNeyrunl nyulan WG WestGearrnr wa
R Rembarrnga Wk Wakaya
SD SouthDearlny WI Walm(at)jarri
U Uwinymirr Wm Wambaya
Ug Unggumi WNN WestNeyrnu lnyulan
Uw Uwinymil Wrl Warluwarra
W Warray Ww Warrwa
Wa Wanyi Yn Yanyuwa
Wag Wagiman Yj Yinijljain
Warn Warndarrang Yw Yawuru
Contriubotrs ttohi sv oulme
BarArlyhp er MarHka vrey
WashinDgCt,Uo SnA, NewcasUtnlieevr sNiStWy ,
[email protected] l [email protected]
HugBhe lfrage PatrMiccCko nveli
113E lmSt AustrIanltsiiatonufA t beo riginal
Nortohtc3e,0 7V0ic,t oria anTdo rrSetsrI asainltd Setru dies
[email protected] CanbeArCrTa ,
[email protected]
GavaBnr een WillBi.Ma cmG regor
InstfiotArub toer iDgeivneallo pmenUtn ievrsoifAt ayr hDuesn,m ark
Alice SNporritnhTgeesrr,nr itory [email protected]
[email protected]
NichoElvaasn s FrancMeesrclaa n
UniveorfsM ietlyb ouVricnteo,r ia TheA usatlriNaant ioUnnailv erAsCTi ty,
[email protected] [email protected]
IaGnr een Nicholas Reid
UnievrsiTtays moaf nia, UniveorfNs eiwtE yn gland, NSW
HobarTta,s mania [email protected]
[email protected]
RebecGcrae en BronwSytno kes
DarwNionr,t hTeernr ritory MeloburnVeit,co ria
grneeerb4@1ho tmlac.iom [email protected]
ix
Acknowledgments
The ewdiotuollrdi kea ctkonl oewdtghepe a tieannccde o operoafta ilcolon n tributors
duritnhlgeo npgr ocoefbs rsi nging ttolh iigCshh tab,no Jdorakay asurdiryaaw sifenovgre ral
oft hmea psa,n dE rich Rfoohrui nosdu tstajnodibin in ngt egraantdoi rngigas nitnhge
mancursiFpitn.a nscupipoartlth ahta s satsewsdii tthhp er oducotfti hobinos o aktv arious
pointsc omhfears o tmh Aeu satlarinR esearch (CGaornuntNc:oi nl- P-aNmynaugan
lanaggueosfn orthAeutrsrna :ld ieaspctriigvarem.m iactaclo.m paraantsdio vcei oilsitnigcu
investiagnafdtr ioaomU n nsi)v eorfs iMteyl bSocuhroonofLel a nguaGgreasinn tA idt:h e
assisotfta hnecbseoe d iiegssr atlelafycun kowledged.
x
Evans, N. editor. The Non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continents most linguistically complex region.
PL-552, x + 523 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2003. DOI:10.15144/PL-552.cover
©2003 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
--------- ---
Introduction:
1
Comparantoinv-eP ama-Nyungan
andA ustrahliisatno rliicnaglu istics
NICHOLAESV ANS
Thep resveonltu bmrei tnoggse dtehtearci olmepda rwaotriokvna e n umebro fn on-Pama
Nyunglaann guoafgN eosr thAeursnt raanldii sta h,fe i rbsoto- klensgttuhtd osy p atnh is
linguicsotmipclraeelxgl icyoo nn,t aaisni dito negps e rh9a0p%so fA usatlrsil ai'unog-genetic
diverisnai nt ye igihttsh loafn Mda napyra epaeo.rr si giantaa tw eordk shheolpad tt he
1899A ustrLailnigaunSi osctiicecotsny f eraetMn ocnea Usnhvi ersbiutstye ,v ehraavbelee n
writstpeienca lflotyrh viosl umIet. bheaessn a itdh antol angucahgaen fgaesstt hearan
prtoo-lanagnuda tgiheine,ne trviennpge riaog dr edaetao lfn ewd escridpattoianv en on
Pama-Nyulnagnagnu haagasec sc umtueldaa,s waescl alr esfiuflto ifcn ogm pldeaxt a,
whihcahls e mda noyf t haeu thtoocr osm plerteevloirysd ee vetlhoepai rrg umseinnttcshe e
origwionrakls hHoepn.ct eh,de e lianty h aep pearoaftn hcveeo lurmeef lseocmtmesa jor
shiifnpt oss iotnit ohpnea rotfs omaeu thors.
Int hfei rpsatro tft hiitnsr oduIci tdieonnwt hiafItsy e aest hmea in iscsoumepsa riant ive
non-Pama-Nsytuundgiatenhss e.e cIotnno fd o urptahrI tl so oakti ssoufe s souubpgirng,
recsotnrucatniador ne al infpleuareitntncop e at ritchunalotan r- Pama-Nfyaumnigolrai ne s
sbureigonIsn.t hfei fptahrI rt e tutrot nh ies soufwe h ethecra cnoa nrreyt hper oceosfs
rencsotrubcatcitkood n e epleerv tehlastn hf ea mitlhieemss etlhvaietbss a,ct ko sloemvee l
frowmh ich maolslnt o onr- Pama-Nfyaumnigalarindee e ss cenSdiendc.e omfta hney
papearrrsee letvoas netv eorfta hlae b ovies suIie nestg,r arteef erteon cettshh ermo ughout
thiinst rodruacttthiheoardnn ea, l iwnigtt hh esme quentially_
1 Comparatinvoen -Pama-Nyungaannd c omparatiAvues tralian
Thel iimnogf I hivso lurmeefl eacl ssw ibnagc tkot hiecn orptoirooanfn on-Pama
NYllnm�aalrnei ainll coo mparea Aluisvtralnligiuains Tthievc ise.ow f c omparative
A\I�llieraxanp oundienDd ixo1n89'0sT hlea nguoafAg usetslr iawah,i hcahbs e etna kaesn
NichoElvasans , 00n OtbeIl -Pama-laNnYgltlugmesg oufnl olrtbenzA ustralia:
comparatsitvued oifthees co ntinemnotsl'tisl zguicormlpilcorexleg lioyn3 ,- 25.
CanPbearrcaLii:ngufi ics2t 00i3c.s ,
Copyirtnihed giihsttives i stedo wni PtahcL iingufiicst ics. 3
Evans, N. "Comparative non-Pama-Nyungan and Australian historical linguistics". In Evans, N. editor, The Non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continents most linguistically complex region.
PL-552:3-28. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2003. DOI:10.15144/PL-552.3
©2003 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
4 NichoElvaasn s
thoer thopdoosxi ftoiro nt htew dole acsat1di esdso ,miendba yt dfartoaPm a ma-Nyungan
languaTghiewssa .su nderstagnidvtaehbnple ae u coiftd ye tagiarlmemda timcataelr ials
avabilloean n on-Pama-Nlyaunngguaaatntg hetesi maen,d etxhceeim tengte nerbayt ead
stroifbn rgi lglriaamnmtoa frP sa ma-Nyulnagnagnut ahghaetasb d e ebna reklnyo wn before
th1e7 90sA. s imiPlaamra -Nyufnougcsaw nas refltehcfeti erds tvi onfl ouumorfet sh e
influHeanntdibaoolfo A kut sralliaanng usaegreiusen stt;ih lfei fvtohl u(mpeu bliins hed
2000a)lg lr ammcarosn tatihneerdwe eirnPe a ma-Nyuanpgaafrnrt,o Cmr owlaenyd
Dixo(n91'81s) e valuoaftT iaosnm anainaKdne en('91s8 3g)ra mmoafYr u kuiwthai,c h
wast hebne lietvobe ePd a ma-Nyuanngdia nn acnaysb ee lotnogo sn eo ft hger oups,
Tangktihcia,cst l osteoPs atm a-Nyungan.
Inc ontrast,o fgn roanm-mPaarmsa -Nlyauunnagggceaosnm iunptg o m odesrtna ndards
ofd escr2iw petrimeoo nstllayti encr o minTgh.eb ulokft hem ndoaitpd p euanrtt ihllea st
fiftyeeeanrw si,t h moathneysr tsif lolrct ohimnogr i np reaptairaonnd,u nttihle asree
compleatlhelyd p othaebsoecusto mparantoinv-eP ama-Nmyuusnrtge amnah iihng ly
provisMieoannawlhs.ie lveep,ra aplei rnts hc eu rrveonltum maek aev ailnaebwsl yen chronic
mategreiramla tnoce o mparati-vsee pewa torircku ltahpreal pyeb ryBs r eaennd fBrealge
ont hGea rrwlaann gubaygH easre,vyo nM atngaenlde K(aCmhua p6t,7e )ra,sn bdy E vans
anMde rloanDn a labon.
A secofnadc tdoerl aytihnperg o groefs sc ompeaw roartokni n von-Pama-Nyungan
langeusha agbse etnh ger ecaotm epxliotfty h dea tAas.t hree adweirdl elt erfmrioname
papleirI kaeGn r eenw'isti,hti sn truincaptieco kfti hnmega npyr iexfpaalr adiignt mhse
SoutDha llya nguatgheaesp ,p licoaftt ihcoeo nm paramteitdvh teoo m orphological
reconstirnuN cotritohAneur snt riasal silao awn dp ainsttaak.si Gknrge ewnr ittehsa t
's[]oomfet h.e.a .u xiialriinecsl,u dingw htihccoohsm ep afrodarat tihavab ese eanv abillea
foarl motswtdo e cadaerisenf, a cstos trikailni.gk.tlehy. oa ntme u swto ndwehryt he true
genesttiacot fu st thwelosa en guagreesm ahiuannsed doc unmteefdo r losonH go'w.e veIr ,
susptehcattth l ei imtosfh umapna ttergnn-irteaicrosoeno s trocnghlaeyln lgebdys uch
compldeaxtt ah iaottf tteank aed se caodrte w oof i memrsiinotn h e(maG sr eehni melshfa s
donbee)f otrhepe a ralclabenel a sr ticuplraoetprelDdye .tc eticnogm parpaabarllel elisms
acrotshssei xotrsy on on-Pama-Nlyaunangggueiaslsn i kteokl eye npo n-Pama-Nyunganists
busfyo dre cadbeefso wreeh avaen ythliinkagce o mplseetotef h ypothaebsoetusht e
inetrerlatioonfts hhneio pns- Pama-NlyaunngguaaFngo eerxs .a mpnloe-,oh naeys e tta ken
ont htea sokfs yesmtaticcoamlplayNr uinnggg uabnuAdyn ui ndil3dy easkpwtiaht,ebeeii rn g
two jaacdelnatn guwaigterhsa thseirlm aisrt ruc(tHuerae1ts9h 8 4:S6i3m8ai)rll.ay ,
comparoifTs iowni iwtniset ahr neesitg hbtohuIerw saj,ia dfna miwliyhl,al v teow aiftis rt
foarp ropseyrn chrdoensiccr iopftt hileoa nn guoafgt ehIsew ajiadfna mi(lEyv a2n0s0 0)
anadr econstorfPu rcotItwi oao ind -jaatn a stkh att awkaietll ela asnto ttheeynre ars.
And bheaetsnhb ea sfiofsru rptuhbelrwi osrhbkeyD d i xaonnod t hseerfesoe :rx amDpilxe(o9 1n9 7).
San(d91s9 6).
2 Thiinsso ttdo e ny otrhteao nfsic umecp h weoararkst l hgyer ammiaCnra sp( e1l9l6o 2rt) hg.er ammar
ofK unjwki(un, Gugn'uwb)iyO n agt(e1s49 )6b.u mte rteoslt yat thteah tle ayec ikt thhpeehr o nological
precoirts hiceoo nm prethreenasotifmmv oeern pth oplaorgaidncieagelmtd cosea dr orurytae lalcyc urate
compawroartki.v e
3 ThousgeHheea t(h1 9f9o7sr)o mpero ospals.
