Table Of ContentPROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(2), 2007, pp. 366-376
THE NON-INDIGENOUS LYCTOCORIDAE AND ANTHOCORIDAE
(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: CIMICOIDEA) OF AMERICA NORTH
OF MEXICO
John D. Lattin
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR
97331-2902, U.S.A.
—
Abstract. Eighty-four species of Lasiochilidae, Lyctocoridae and Anthocoridae
(Cimicoidea) are known to occur in America north of Mexico. Twenty-six of these
are believed to have been introduced (31%). Each non-indigenous species is reviewed
and appropriate literature cited. While some species were introduced for possible
biological control, others have been introduced accidentally.
Key Words: Lasiochilidae, Lyctocoridae, Anthocoridae, Cimicoidea, Canada and
United States species, distribution, and biology
Insects and other organisms have been lished "Harmful Non-Indigenous Species
introduced throughout the world, acci- in the United States" in 1993. This was
dentally or deliberately. The late Charles a comprehensive treatment of a variety
S. Elton published his pioneer book of introductions and their consequences.
"The Ecology of Invasions by Animals The use of the term non-indigenous
and Plants" in 1958. Among the insect species follows that publication. Some
examples he cited are the winter moth in other books published over the past few
northeastern North America, elm bark years on introductions and their con-
beetle, Japanese beetle, European gyp—sy sequences include Simberloff et al.
moth, sawflies, and even a true bug (1997), Devine (1998), Cox (1999),
Stephcmitis rhododendri, in this case in- Mooney and Hobbs (2000), Ruiz and
troduced from North America into Carlton (2003), Coombs et al. (2004),
Europe, as was the Colorado potato Cox (2004) and Mooney et al. (2005).
beetle. Other insects have been intro- The impact of exotic species on our
duced into Canada and the United States environments has been enormous. Some
more recently, including the Asian gypsy of these species have been with us for
moth, cereal leaf beetle, blue alfalfa many years at considerable cost.
aphid, Russian wheat aphid, and the Eighty-four species of Lasiochilidae,
pine shoot beetle. Lyctocoridae and Anthocoridae (Cimi-
Parsons (1983) dealt with the evolu- coidea) are known to occur in America
tion of colonizing species. Mooney and north ofMexico. Twenty-six ofthese are
Drake (1984) edited a comprehensive considered to be non-indigenous (31%).
review of some biological invasions, Some were introduced deliberately and
treating the details of invasion and their others accidentally, usually involving the
consequences. The Office of Technology activities of human beings. Earlier, Lat-
Assessment of the U.S. Congress pub- tin (1993) reported 90 species from
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 367
America north of Mexico, of which account of L. campestris in the western
12.2% were considered to have been Palearctic, Henry (1988) summarized its
introduced, whereas Canada reported occurrence in Canada and the continen-
42 species of which 10 (23.8%) were tal United States, and Lattin (2000)
considered introduced. Lattin (1999b, reviewed L. campestris and its economic
2000) provided overviews of the Antho- importance. This species has been in-
coridae (sensu lato). This publication troduced into many parts of the world
follows the treatment of families and where it has often been associated with
tribes of the Lasiochilidae, Lyctocoridae domestic animals, stored-grain, and oth-
and Anthocoridae by Schuh and Stys er products. Nesidiocheilus hawaiiensis
(1991) and Schuh and Slater (1995). Kirkaldy, 1902 is considered a synonym
Scudder and Foottit (2006) included the of L. campestris (Lattin 2006a).
Anthocoridae in their extensive review of
the introduced true bugs in Canada. Anthocoridae
Appropriate references to each species Anthocorini
treated here include the date, site of
original description, geographic and bi- Acompocoris pygmaeus (Fallen 1807)
was described from Europe. Sands
ological references. Every species that
has been reported as a deliberate in- (1957) illustrated the egg and nymph
troduction for biological control pur- and Pericart (1972) published on it in the
poses has been cited, including those that western Palearctic. Kelton (1977) first
have not become established. It is the rneoprotrhteodf MAe.xipcyogmfareoumsNferwomBrAumnesrwiiccak
purpose here to record all such species as
a data base of past introductions. Stan- and Nova Scotia and later added On-
saewaaycaertgoal.c(o2n0t0a1i)neerxsaimninAeudst3r,al0i0a1.eTmhpetyy t1a9r7i8o).anHdenPrriynce(1E98d8w)aradndIslManadw(Keetltaoln.
recovered over 7,400 living and dead (2000) cited these provinces. Scudder and
i2n3secstpsecfirmoemns11o7f4 Acnotnhtoaicnoerrisd,aei,ncl1u7dinogf NFoeowttiBtr(u2n0s0w6i)ckr,epNorotvead tShciostisap,eciOenstafrrioom,
which were still alive. These sea cargo and Prince Edward Island. The species is
containers now being used world wide associated with conifers.
have opened yet another pathway of Anthocoris confusus Renter, 1884 was
introduction. described from Europe. Procter (1946)
first reported this species from North
Lyctocoridae America based on specimens from
Lyctocoris campestris (Fabricius 1794) Maine. Sands (1957) illustrated the egg
was described from Europe and first and nymph and Anderson (1962a) de-
reported from America north of Mexico scribed the bionomics of the species in
by Dallas (1852) as Xylocorisamericanus. England. Anderson and Kelton (1963)
Sands (1957) illustrated the egg and added Ontario and Tennessee. Pericart
nymph, and Anderson (1962b) Hsted it (1972) published on the species in the
from the Pacific Northwest. Kelton western Palearctic. Kelton (1978) re-
(1967) recorded it from Alabama, British ported the species from Maine, Nova
Columbia, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,
Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Manitoba, and Tennessee. Scudder (1986) added
Maryland, New York, North Carolina, British Columbia and Henry (1988)
Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Quebec, summarized the above cited localities.
South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin Barnes et al. (2000) cited Nova Scotia
and Mexico. Pericart (1972) pubHshed an and Maw et al. (2000) listed British
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario. Lattin to Canada from Switzerland and re-
(2000) discussed the economic aspects of leased but the species failed to become
this species in detail and Scudder and established (L. Humble, Canada, per-
Foottit (2006) reported this species from sonal communication). Pericart (1972)
British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, published on this species under the name
and Prince Edward Island. Anthocoris sibiricus Renter (1875). Later,
Anthocoris ueinoralis (Fabricius 1794) he recognized that two species were
was described from Denmark. Sands involved - A. pilosus in the western and
(1957) illustrated the egg and nymph A. sibiricus in the eastern Palearctic
and Anderson (1962a) published on this (Pericart 1996).
species in England. Anderson and Kel- MacrotracheUa nigronitens (Stal 1860)
ton (1963) first reported it from North was described from Brazil (Rio Janeiro).
America from Ontario. McMullen and It was reported from Panama by Cham-
Jong (1967) recorded it from British pion (1900). Davis and Krauss (1966)
Columbia and McMullen (1971) re- introduced it into the Hawaiian Islands
ported the release of 163 specimens from (as MacrotracheUa thripiformis) as a pos-
Switzerland in 1963 into British Colum- sible biological control agent but it failed
bia. Pericart (1972) provided a review of to become established (Lattin 2007).
A. nenioralis in Europe. Brunner and Lewis et al. (2005) reported finding
Burts (1975) raised A. nemoralis in the specimens at Riverside, California on
laboratory in Washington. The initial FicLis galls. This was the first record of
individuals for this rearing came from M. nigronitens from America north of
British Columbia. Henry (1988) reported Mexico.
A. nemoralis from British Columbia and Temnostethiis graciUs Horvath, 1907
Ontario. Hagen and Driestadt (1990) was described from Germany and Peri-
and Driestadt and Hagen (1994) cited cart (1972) published on it in the western
its occurrence in California. Lattin Palearctic. Kelton (1977) first reported it
(2000) reviewed the activities of the from North America, based on speci-
species and Horton et al. (2004) pub- mens collected in Nova Scotia. No
lished a detailed discussion of A. nemor- additional localities have been recorded
alis as a biological control agent, partic- (Kelton 1978; Henry 1988; Maw et al.
ularly as a predator of the pear psylla. 2000; Scudder and Foottit 2006).
Scudder and Foottit (2006) reported this Tetraphleps abdidghani Ghauri, 1964,
species from British Columbia and On- was described from Pakistan. It was
tario. introduced into America north of Mex-
Anthocoris nemorum (Linnaeus 1761) ico as a possible biological control agent
was described from Europe. Hill (1957) against the balsam woolly aphid {Adelges
studied its biology in Scotland, Sands piceae (Ratz)). Mitchell and Wright
(1957) illustrated the egg and nymph, (1967) reported it as Tetraphleps sp.
and Anderson (1962a) reported on this and stated that it had been released in
species in England. Pericart (1972) pro- Oregon and Washington. Clark et al.
vided an account in the western Palearc- (1971) reported that 4622 individuals
tic. Two specimens from Switzerland were released in Nova Scotia and New
were introduced into British Columbia Brunswick and 1226 in British Columbia
in 1963 (McMullen 1971), but it did not from 1962-1965. They indicated that
become established. 1436 individuals were released from
Anthocorispilosiis (Jakovlev 1877) was cages in New Brunswick from 1962-
described from Europe. McMullen 1965. Clausen (1978) cited its introduc-
(1971) reported ten specimens brought tion into the Pacific Northwest from
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 369
Pakistan and India. L.M. Humble, of Buchananiella continua (White 1880)
Canada (personal communication 2 was described from the island of Madei-
March 1990) stated that no estabhsh- ra. It was first reported from California
ment occurred and R.E. Mitchell, retired under the name Cardiastethus cavicoUis
from the U.S. Forest Service, indicated Blatchley, 1934, and later synonymized
per personal communication on 22 June by Lattin et al. (2001) with Buchananiella
2001 that none of the introductions into continua. Pericart (1972) reviewed this
United States were successful. Maw et al. species in the western Palearctic. Brenner
(2000) stated that this species was in- and Lattin (2001) reported it for the first
troduced into Canada but failed to time from the Hawaiian Islands. Kirby
become established. (1999) reported B. continua from Great
Tetraphleps raoi Ghauri, 1964, was Britain for the first time and Verdcourt
described from Assam. Mitchell and (2005) stated that specimens were found
Wright (1967) reported that it had been in sacks ofcompost in the same country.
introduced into Oregon and Washing- Whitehead (2005a, b) subsequently re-
ton. Clark et al. (1971) cited the open ported the—further spread of this species
release of 118 specimens into Nova in Britain invasions still occur!
Scotia and 2,457 specimens were released Cardiastethus lurideUus Fieber (1860)
from cage and laboratory studies in New was described from Pennsylvania. No
Brunswick in 1963 and 1965. Maw et al. further localities were listed until Lattin
(2000) stated that the species did not (1999a) reported it from Michigan where
become established. it was collected from clusters ofdead oak
leaves from fallen trees. Lattin and
DUFOURIELLINl LaBonte (2002) documented its recovery
from baited traps at a site handling raw
Amphiareus constrictus (Stal 1860) was wood at The Dalles, Oregon in 2000. The
described from Brazil (Rio Janeiro). same species was recovered at Portland,
Blatchley (1926) first recorded the spe- Oregon, from a similar trap in 2004.
cies from America north of Mexico Cardiastethus hirideUus is considered —to
based on specimens from Dunedin, be a non-indigenous species in Oregon
Florida. Henry (1988) reported it from well removed from its natural range. It is
Florida and considered it transtropical. not yet known ifthe species is free-living
Lattin and Lewis (2001) stated that it in the Portland area or periodically
had been intercepted on shipments of reintroduced.
orchids at San Francisco, California, and DufourieUus ater (Dufour 1833) was de-
clarified previous citations. scribed from Europe. Van Duzee (1916)
Brachysteles parvicornis (Costa 1847) first reported it in America north of
was described from Italy. Pericart (1972) Mexico ("E."). Blatchley (1928) listed
reviewed it in the western Palearctic. California and Kentucky and Anderson
Asquith and Lattin (1990) pubhshed the (1962b) added British Columbia and
first record from America north of Idaho. Pericart (1972) discussed this spe-
Mexico based on specimens from New cies in the western Palearctic. Kelton
Jersey and New York. Lattin and As- (1978) added Ontario and Henry (1988)
quith (1991) added Massachusetts and reported North Carolina and New York.
Maine and Lattin (1993), Nova Scotia, Lattin (2000) discussed D. ater and in-
as did Scudder and Foottit (2006). This cluded references to itseconomicrole (e.g.,
small predatory bug feeds on mites on Arbogast 1984, Awadallah et al. 1984). It
conifers in northeastern Canada and the is taken under the bark of trees but also
United States. is associated with stored products.
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Physopleurella mundula (White 1877) Cuban laurel thrips. According to Paine
was described from the Hawaiian Islands (1992), it did not become established in
(as Cardiastethus mimdulus). Blatchley that state. Reimer (1988) reported that
(1925) first reported it from America M. moraguesi became a predator on
north of Mexico (Florida) (as Physo- a species of thrips introduced into the
pleurella Jloridana Blatchley), and later Hawaiian Islands to help control an
recorded it from Jamaica (1928). Blatch- introduced weed, and referred to this
ley's species was synonymized with condition as biotic interference. Recently,
Physopleurella mundulus (White) by Lat- Bennett (1995) reported its accidental
tin (2005). Thus far, Florida is the only occurrence in Florida. The bug had been
known site in North America. feeding on thrips of an unwanted Ficus.
He introduced this bug into Texas as
Oriini
possible thrips control on ornamental
Macrotracheliella nigra Parshley (1917) Ficus in shoppingmalls! Dobbs and Boyd
was described from Massachusetts. An- (2006) have provided a detailed study of
derson (1962b) recorded it from British the distribution of Montandoniola mora-
Columbia. Kelton (1978) reported it guesi, its host thrips and their host plants
from British Columbia, Manitoba, On- in the United States (Alabama, Florida,
tario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. Henry Louisiana and Mississippi). This work
(1988) listed Arkansas, Florida, New establishes an excellent base for future
Jersey, New York and Rhode Island, work.
and Maw et al. (2000) added New Orius insidiosus (Say) (1832) was de-
Brunswick. Lewis et al. (2005) found it scribed from eastern United States.
in Montana and Washington. Paine Kelton (1963) reviewed the genus Orius
(1992) cited its occurrence in southern for America north of Mexico. Herring
California where it was found feeding on (1966b) revised Orius for the Western
thrips on Ficus. It is believed to have been Hemisphere, and indicated that O. in-
introduced earlier into California as sidiosus occurred over much of eastern
a potential biological control agent North America, south through Mexico
against the thrips on Ficus (Paine 1992). and Central and South America and
The occurrence out of its normal range, onto the West Indies. Henry (1988)
coupled with the likely deliberate intro- reported the species from many prov-
duction, qualifies the species as non- inces and states. This is a common
indigenous in California. species in many agricultural environ-
Montandoniola moraguesi (Puton 1896) ments (Lattin 1999b, 2000). Scudder
was described from Spain. Carayon and and Foottit (2006) stated that Orius
Remade (1962) published an account of insidiosus was introduced from eastern
the species in France. Herring (1966a) North America into greenhouses in
clarified the name for this predator ofthe British Columbia to control thrips.
Cuban laurel thrips. Davis and Krauss While this effort was successful, they
(1966) introduced this bug from Manila, reported that some bug individuals have
Philippines, into Oahu, the Hawaiian escaped the greenhouses. Thus far, there
Islands. It quickly became established as was no evidence that the species had
a predator of the thrips on Ficus and become established in the wild.
spread to other islands. Pericart (1972) Orius (Heterorius) minutus (Linnaeus
reviewed it in the western Palearctic. 1758) was described from Europe. Tonks
Clausen (1978) reported on its introduc- (1953) first reported it from America
tion into California from Hawaii in north of Mexico, based on specimens
1966-1967 as a potential predator of the from southern British Columbia, as did
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 371
Downes (1957). Anderson (1962b) re- discussed this species from a world per-
corded it from British Columbia, Oregon spective. It is commonly associated with
and Washington as did Kelton (1963, food products, likely explaining its wide-
1978), Herring (1966b) and Henry spread distribution.
(1988). Pericart (1972) treated this spe- Xylocoris(Proxylocoris)galactinus(Fie-
cies in the western Palearctic and Lattin ber 1837) was described from southern
et al. (1989) reviewed the species in the Europe. Van Duzee (1905) first recorded
Pacific Northwest, including biology and this species from America north of Mex-
illustrations of the adult and nymph. ico (New York). Anderson (1962b) re-
Barnes et al. (2000) cited British Colum- ported it from Idaho and Oregon. Cara-
bia, as did Scudder and Foottit (2006). It yon (1972) included it in his study of
has been taken on caneberry vines where Xylocoris, and Pericart (1972) reviewed
it feeds on insects and mites (Lattin et al. it in the western Palearctic Region.
1989). Henry (1988) reported it from Alberta,
Paratriphleps laeviuscula Champion, British Columbia, California, Florida,
1900, was described from Panama. It is Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Manitoba, Mis-
now known from Honduras (Drake and souri, New Jersey, New York, Ontario,
Harris 1926) (see the discussion by Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Dunkel
Barber, 1939 on some taxonomic prob- and Ivie (1994) added Montana where
lems with Paratriphleps). Bacheler and specimens of X. galactinus were taken
Baranowski (1975) described the biology in spilled grain. I have identified this
of the species where it appeared to feed species from Oregon. Lattin (2000) in-
only on flowers. Hambleton (1944) and cluded this species in his review of
Wille (1951) had stated that this was economically important Anthocoridae.
a predaceous species in Peru, but Herring This is clearly a non-indigenous species
(in Bacheler and Baranowski (1975)) in our area where it is often taken in
stated that the Peru specimens were not stored grain.
P. laeviuscula. Henry (1988) reported it Xylocoris {Proxylocoris) sordidus (Reu-
from Puerto Rico, Mexico and Panama, ter 1871) was described from Brazil
besides Florida and Carpentero et al. and Texas. Champion (1900) reported it
(1997) added Nicaragua. Lattin (2006b) from Mexico, British Honduras, Guate-
deleted records of P. pallida (Reuter mala, Panama, Brazil and the Antilles
1884) from America north of Mexico. (Grenada and St. Vincent). Van Duzee
(1903) recorded this species based on
Xylocorini specimens from New Mexico. Arbogast
Xylocoris (Arrostelus) flavipes (Reuter et al. (1983, 1985) provided biological
1875) was described from Algeria. Bibby information on the species in stored
(1961) first reported it from North peanuts in Georgia. Henry (1988) listed
America (Arizona). Jay et al. (1968) this species from Arizona, California,
published on its biology in Georgia as Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Massachu-
did Awadallah and Tawfik (1972) in setts, Maryland, New Jersey, New Mex-
Egypt. Pericart (1972) provided an ac- ico, New York, Pennsylvania, South
count of the species western Palearctic. Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas besides
Arbogast (1975, 1979) wrote on its its natural range in Mexico, Central and
biology and Henry (1988) reported X. South America, and the West Indies. It is
flavipes from Arizona, District of Co- associated with stored foodstuff in the
lumbia, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland and United States.
Texas besides Africa, Asia, Australia, Xylocoris {Xylocoris) cursitans (Fallen
Europe and South America. Lattin (2000) 1807) was described from Sweden. Van
372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Duzee (1916) first recorded this species in and to L. Parks for manuscript prepara-
North America from eastern Canada tion.
and United States. Sands (1957) figured
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Acknowledgments
177-189.
My thanks go to N.H. Anderson, A. Awadallah, K. T., M. F. S. Tawfik, N. Abou-Zeid,
Asquith, F.D. Bennett, J. Carayon, T.J. ao^ndDiiMf.ourMi.ellEuls-Hautsesre(iDnuif..)19(8H4e.miTphteerlaif:eAhnistthoor-y
Henry, J.L. Herring, D.R. Horton, L.A. coridae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique
Kelton, J. Pericart, and G.G.E. Scudder d'Egypte 63: 191-197.
for their work on these small predators. Bacheler, J. S. and R. M. Baranowski. 1975.
Special thanks also go to T.M. Lewis for Paratriphleps laeviiisculus, a phytophagous
anthocorid new to the United States (Hemi-
careful review of the manuscript, to A. ptera: Anthocoridae). Florida Entomologist
Christie for assistance with the literature, 58: 157-163.
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