THE NON-GENETIC ORIGIN OF THE KOKAMA LANGUAGE by Ana Suelly de Arruda Cim

427 Pages·2010·10.75 MB·English

CONTACT-INDUCEDLANGUAGECHANGEINTHEWESTERNAMAZON:
THENON-GENETIC ORIGINOFTHEKOKAMALANGUAGE
by
AnaSuellydeArrudaCimaraCabral
SubmittedtotheGraduateFacultyof
ArtsandSciencesin partialfulfillment
oftherequirementsforthedegreeof
Doctorinphilosophy
UruwenityofPitisbwgh
1995
UNIVERSITYOFPITISBURGH
FACUU"YOFARTSAND SCIENCES
Thisdisse:tltionwaspresented
by
Ana Suellv Arruda Camara Cabral
Itwasdefendedon
December 14, 1995
andapprovedby
....:L.~.... -~.-s,k<"7'-
Susan Berk-Seligson / ~/l-. -~8 ~
CONTACT·INDUCEDLANGAGECHANGEINTHEWESTERNAMAZON:
THENON-GENETICORIGINOFTHEKOKAMALANGUAGE
".
Cabral,AnaSuellyA.Co,Ph.D.
UniversityofPittsburgh
ABSTRAcr
Thisdissertationdiscussesthenon-geneticoriginoftheKokamalOmawalanguage.afactfiIst:
observedbyRodrigues (1984-1985). KokarnaisoneoftbenativeSouthAmericanIndianlanguagesspoken
atpresentinlowlandPeruandonitswaytoextinction.UntilnowKokamahasbeenclassifiedasalanguage
belongingtotheTupi~uaranilinguisticfamilyonthebasisofsmalllistsofbasicvocabulary(Loukotka.
1968;LenUe.1971.~goth~).
BasedonThomason'sandKanfinan's(1988)analyticalmodeloncontact-inducedchange.I present
evidencetoprovethaIKokamacannotevenbeclassifiedgeneticallybecauseitslinguisticsubsystemsdonotfind
correlatesinasinglelanguageorlinguisticfamilysomce.'IbisisrevealedthroughafullcomparisonofKokama.
andTupinambawithrespecttolexiconandgrammar.Theresultofthecomparisonconstitutesproofthat.except
forlexicalsimilaritiesandanumberofsoundconespondences.KokamadiffersgreatlyfromtheTupinamba
languageinitsphonology.morphologyandsyntaX.thoughthelatteristhesourceofasigrrific:mtportionofthe
vocabularyoftheformer.
AreconstructionofthesocialhistoryoftheKokamalOmawapeopleshowsthepossiblesocialcontext
fromwhichKokamastarteddevelopingtowardsanindependentlinguisticsystem:themissionaryvillagescreated
bytheJesuitsintheProvinciadeMaynas. There.speakersofdifferentIndianlanguagesneededacommonmode
ofcommuniCaIion.TheKokamalOmawalanguagewastheofficiallanguageinthesemissionaryvillagesandthe
noo-Tupi~uaranispeakershadtolearnitrapidly,inthisprocessfailingtolearntheTupf-Guaranilanguageasa
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whole.TheoriginalspeakersoftheTupinambalanguageadoptedthenewversionoftheirlanguage.
wtl1chernetobecalledtheKokama. oralternativelyOmawa.language.
Thisdissertationintendstocontributetothetheoryoflanguagesincontaet.andtohistorical
comparativeresearchonSouthAmericanIndianlanguagesindiscussingtheoriginofanextremecase
ofuuerfercncethroughlanguageshift.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thisdissertationhasdependedontheeffortsofmanypeopleforitsdevelopment.
Ratherthanasa personalaccomplishment,I would!i1(etothinkofitastheresultofa
collectiveeffortto \\mchmanypeoplecontributedwiththeircontinuousmoralsupport
andacademicinput.
MysincerethankstotheKokamapeoplefrom Sapota!,Sacambu. Orique,
BenjaminConstant.Tabatinga. Leticia.andNautainBrazil.ColumbiaandPeru.who
kindlycollaboratedwithmylinguisticresearchontheKokamalanguage. lowespecial
thankstomyfriends andconsultantsAntonio Samias,MariaSamias,AngelinaSamias.
ManuelKurike,AntonioGon9alvesPinto,ManuelPintoandBenjaminSamias.
ToTerrenceKaufman.AryonDall'IgnaRodriguesandSusanBerk-Seligsonlowe
a majordebt.
AryonDall'IgnaRodrigues.myBrazilianprofessor,introducedmeto descriptive
andhistoricallinguistics,and,mostimportantly,tothefascinatingrealmofBrazilian
indigenouslanguages.Heaccompaniedmyworkthroughoutall theseyearsandsupported
myacademicdevelopmentIIptothe lastpageofmydissertation.
I amprofoundlyindebtedtoSusanBerk-Seligsonforbeing mydissertation
adviserintheDepartmentofHispanlc LanguagesandLiteratures.Ihavegreatlybenefited
fromhersuggestionsandcriticismsofmanyofthemattersdiscussedinthisdissertation.
SpecialrecognitionisalsoduetoBruceStiehm,BobChamberlainandHerchel
Frey. Together\\1thSusanBerk-Seligson.theytaughtmeSpanishlinguisticsand
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supportedmyprojectontheKokamalanguagewithinthe DepartmentofHispanic
LanguagesandLiteratures.
I wouldliketoexpressmydeep gratitudetoTerrenceKaufinan andSarahGrey
Thomason. Ihadtheprivilegeofbeingtheirstudentfrom 1989to 1992 inthe
DepartmentofGeneralLinguisticsattheUniversityofPittsburgh. Thesetwoscholars
taughtmetodo linguisticresearchinthefields ofd~ptiveandhistoricallinguistics.
MostofwhatIdiscussinthisdissertationowesitstheoreticalandmethodological
foundationstothem.
TerrenceKaufmannotonly showedmetheroutebutalsopatiently accompanied
meinnavigatingthisdissertationtosafeharbor.Thisdissertationwouldnothavebeen
possiblewithouthisadviceandhisinvaluableguidance.
Iamthankfulto CherylJensenandAllenJensenfortheircommentsand
suggestionsonthesecondchapterofthisdissertation.
Asa nativespeakerofBrazilianPortugueseandasanadultlearnerofEnglish,I
couldnothavewrittenthisdissertationinEnglishwithoutthefundamental helpof
TerenceKal1finan SusanBerk-Seligso~BobChamberlainandBruceStiehm.
Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudeto myBrazilianprofessorsLuciaMariaLobato
andStellaMa.."isBortoniforstimulatingmetopursuemyPh.D. studies.
Thanks goto myfriend ConnieTomkoforherconstantmoralandlogistichelp
duringmystayintheDepartmentofSpanishLanguageandLiterature. Mysincerethanks
also goto myfellowstudentsElenaRUZickova., FelixCatlin.,AndreaYanuzzi. Griselda
Zuffi. RobertAllenandto myBrazilianfriends AndreaDonovan.EvaBueno.lone
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VasconcelosandMonicaPeixotofortheircontinuousencouragementandfriendship.
Finally, letmeexpressmyspecialgratitudeto myparentsGeonardoandTerezinha
Cabralfortheirconstantencouragementandlogisticsupportofmystudies.Thanks,too,
to mysons,RudaandNicolas,whoweremycompanionsinPittsburghforoversixyears,
allowingmetostudyandmakingmethinkthattheywerethesweetreasonfortheefforts
I spentonmydissertation.
MyPh.D.studiesweresupportedbya fellowship fromtheBrazilianNational
CouncilforScientificandTechnologicalDevelopment(ConselhoNacionalde
DesenvolvimentoCientificoeTecnol6gico,CNPq). FieldworkontheKokamaLanguage
wassupportedbygrantsfromtheCNPqandbyfinancial aidfromtheMinistryofCulture
ofBraziI. lowespecialthanksto CristinaReis,oftheCNPq,who providedmewith
constantlogisticsupport.IntheMinistryofCulture,IthankGlaucoCampelo,JoseSilva
Quin~VirginiaGuedesandElizabethScares.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTERI
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BriefsurveyofthedocumentationoftheKokama
language: Descriptiveandcomparativestudies 12
1.2 Languagecontact,linguistic interferenceandgenetic
linguistics. Historicalbackground
.,'"
1.2.1 General remarks 1.2.2 Thetreatmentofborrowing _:1
1_._.,.:'1" 24
Pidginsandcreolesversusgeneticlinguistics 34
1.2.4 Conclusion 40
1.3 Thomason& Kaufinan'stheoreticalmodel forcontaet
inducedlanguagechange.A Summary 43
1.4 Conclusion 50
CHAPTERII
2. TUPINAi\fBA.AND KOKAMAPHONOLOGYAND
COMPARA~PHONOLOGY
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 TupinambaandKokamasoundcorrespondence,phonemes 58
andallophonic rules
.,'"
_.:1 Listofphonosemanticallyequivalentlexemes 61
2.3.1 SoundcorrespondencesbetweenTupinambaandKokama
forms 74
2.3.2 Phonologicalrules (morpho-phonemics) 103
3.2.4 Conclusion 114
CHAPTERill
3. MORPHOLOGY
3.1 Introduction. 116
3.2 MorphologicalcharacteristicsofTupinambaversus
Kokama Preliminaryremarks 118
:'"1.:'1" Inflectionalmorphology 119
3.3.1 Tupinambainflectionalclasses 120
:~1".':1..,_ Nominalinflection 124
3.3.2.1 Substantives 124
3.2.2.2 Numerals 125
3.3.2.3 Demonstratives 127
3.3..2,.4 Attributivecase 129

:'"1.'":1._.' Punctual locative 129
3.3.2.6 Diffuselocative 130
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3.3.2.7 Partitivelocative 130
3.3.2.8 Pronominalmorphologicaldative 131
3.3.2.9 Relational nouns 1""
~~
3.3.2.10 Verbalinflection 134
3.3.2.11 Personmarker 1~~"~-
3.3.2.12 Mood 137
3.3.2.13 Reflexiveandreciprocal 142
3.3.2.14 Negation 143
3.4 Derivational morphology 144
3.4.1 Causatives 145
3.4.2 Nominalizerofobject 146
3.4.3 Intensive 147
3.4.4 Attenuative 148
3.4.5 Negative 148
3.4.6 Nounoforigin 149
3.4.7 Nominalizersofverbalstems 115
3.4.8 Nominalizersofp~ 152
3.5 Compounding 153
3...5-..1, Determinative 153
~.~.- Attributive 153
3.5.3 Objective 154
3.5.4 Mixedcompounding 155
3.5.5 Kokamacompounding 155
3.6 Reduplication 157
3.6.1 Monosyllabicreduplication 157
3.6.2 Disyllabicreduplication 158
3.7 Incorporation 159
3.8 Conclusion 161
CHAPTERIV
4. SINTAX
4.1 Introduction 163
4.2 TupinambaandKokamaclausetypes 167
4.2.1 TheorderofelementsinTupinambaandKokama 169
independentclauses
4.3 ThesyntaxofTupinambaandKokamanounphJ.-ases 172
4.3.1 Verbphrase 172
4.3.2 ThesyntaxofTupinambaand Kokamanounphrases 185
4.3.3 Nominaladjectivewordorder 186
4.3.4 Genitiveconstructions 188
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4.3.5 Numeral-nominalwordorder 189
4.3.6 Demonstrative-nominalwordorder 190
4.3.7 TupinambaandKokamarelationalphrases 190
4.4 Subordinateclauses 191
4.4.1 Adverbialclauses 194
4.42 Frontingofadverbial 198
4.5 Negation 200
4.6 Questions 209
4.6.1 YeslNoquestions 209
4.6.2 Informationquestions 210
4.6.3 Rhetoricalquestions 212
4.6.4 Answerto questions 214
4.7 Conclusion 218
CHAPTERV
5. THEKOKA..1v1APEOPLE
5.1 Introduction "'23
52 Tupi-Guaranigeographicaldistributionandmigrations
withemphasisontheremote locationofKokamalOmawa
groups 228
5.3 A profileoftheKokamapeople: socialorganization.
economy.materialculture 239
5.4 SomeaspectsofthesocialhistoryoftheKokamalOm'awas 242
5.5 Conclusion 253
CHAPTERVI
6. THENON-TUPIA.NFEATURES OFKOKAMA
6.1 Introduction 260
62 Vocabulary 261
6.3 Phonology 275
6.4 Morphology 279
6.5 Syntax 280
6.6 Othernon-Tupianfeatures 284
6.7 Conclusion 291
CHAPTER VII
7. CONCLUSION 299
APPENDIX A: Kokamasketch 311
APPENDIX B: KokamalOmawatexts 373
APPENDIX C: Maps 398
LISTOFREFERENCES 401
x