Table Of ContentTheNewcom++VisionBook
Sergio Benedetto LuisM.Correia Marco Luise
• •
Editors
The Newcom++
Vision Book
Perspectives of Research on Wireless
Communications in Europe
SergioBenedetto MarcoLuise
ISMB,IstitutoSuperioreMarioBoella CNIT,ConsorzioNazionaleInteruniversitario
Torino,Italy perleTelecomunicazioni
NEWCOM++ScientificDirector Pisa,Italy
NEWCOM++ManagingDirector
LuisM.Correia
InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico/InstitutodeTelecomunicac¸o˜es
UniversityofLisbon,Portugal
HeadofNEWCOM++IntegrationActivites
ISBN978-88-470-1982-9 ISBN978-88-470-1983-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-88-470-1983-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011927611
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Foreword
This book is about visions.Every sphere of human undertakingsneeds visionsto
proceedandtosucceed. Sodowe,theengineering-scientistcommunityinwireless
mobilecommunications.However,earlyvisionsarosefromsourcesotherthanen-
gineering.Asearly as 1932,justafter radiobroadcastinghadhad a fledglingstart
andhadbeennewlydiscoveredasameansofpropaganda,theGermanwriterErich
Ka¨stner had a visionthathe expressed in a children’snovel, The 35th ofMay, or
Conrad’sRidetotheSouthSeas:“Butmostimpressivewasthis:Agentleman,who
wascoastinginfrontofthemonthemovingsidewalk,steppeddownonthestreet,
tooka telephone from his pocket, spoke a number into the microphone and said:
“Gertrud,listen,I’llbeanhourlatefordinnertonight.Ihave togotothelabfirst.
Seeyou,honey!”Thenheputawayhispocketphone,steppedontothemovingbelt
again,continuedreadinghisbookandoffhewent.”Whatavision!Theonlything
Ka¨stnerdidnotforeseewasthatwewouldnowtelephonewhileonthemove. Itis
allbutacoincidencethataman ofletterswouldvoicesuchaprophecy.Language
andcommunicationare constitutiveelements ofmankind.We define ourselvesby
oursocialinteractions,andforsuchweneedtospeaktoeachother.Somephiloso-
phersgosofartosaythatspeakingtoeachothermakesushuman.Wirelessmobile
communicationsturnedouttobethemostrapidtechnologyever toreach abillion
people(takingjust17years)becauseitfulfilsabasichumanneed:communication.
Thechangesthatwirelesscommunicationshavebroughtaboutinsocietyareenor-
mous. It was not just becoming free from a certain location, the terminationof a
phoneline,tobeabletocommunicateoverdistance.Itisthewayweinteracttoday
socially,howweplanouractivities,bothprivateandbusiness,howbusinesseshave
beenacceleratedbypush-email.Allthesechangesareunprecedented,asaremobile
micropaymentsthathaveenabledeconomicgrowthinregionswherebanksarenot
accessible,butalsotheblurringofworkandleisuretimes.
Societalissuesandneedsarethetruedriversoftechnology.Thus,Iwelcomeand
applaudtheconcept oftheNEWCOM++VisionBookstartingfromtheviewpoint
ofsociety’sneeds.
ItisdebatablewhetherwirelesscommunicationwasinventedinEurope,begin-
ningwithGuglielmoMarconi’spioneeringwork.Intermsoftechnologyalone,re-
VI Foreword
searchers fromMotorolaandAT&T’BellLabs, claimingpriorityfornewideasin
telecommunications (as usual), and Japan’s NTT have set undeniable, significant
milestones.But,atthe1984newsconferenceannouncingthedivestitureofAT&T,
theoutgoingCEO,CharlesLeeBrown,wasaskedwhatwouldbecomeofAT&T’s
infantcellularproperties.Hecouldnotgiveananswer.Eitherhewasn’tawarethere
wassuchabusinessor,atleast,hewasn’tawareofitspotential.Intermsofsystems,
onthe otherhand, GSM ended the frustratinglyincompatiblestandardsfor public
wirelesscommunicationsinoperationintheearly1980’sinEurope,andeventually
intheworld.RememberthatGSMisrootedinapoliticaldecisiontakenbyvision-
aryEuropeanpoliticiansatthattime.Sincethen,Europeanindustryandacademia
haveaccomplishedamagnificentjoboriginatingfromthepoliticalvisionofapan-
European mobile telephone system to the current de facto global standard. After
theParis1986technologybeautycontest,amajordecisionwastakenforanarrow-
bandTDMAaccessmethod,followingessentiallyScandinavianinnovations.Inter-
estinglyenough,atthattime,goingdigitalwasnotanobviousdecisionbutacoura-
geous one. The European Commission clearly and deliberately saw GSM and its
followertechnologies(UMTS,HSPA,LTE)asameanstocreateamassmarketand
startedtofundR&Dinwirelesscommunications.Thefundingcomprisedatwo-tier
approach,acheaponeandanexpensiveone.Theexpensiveone,letmecallitthe“D”
branchofR&D,startedoutmodestlywithasingleMobileCommunicationsproject
inRACEI(i.e.thelegendaryR1043),butsoonexplodedtoinnumerableprojects.
MakingupthemajorityofprojectsintheThird,theFourth,theFifth,andtheSixth
Framework Programmes of European funded industrial R&D, they however pro-
videdever diminishingreturns.After theenthusiastic, trulyinnovativeperiodhad
fadedout,somelinesofresearchturnedintorun-onprojectswithoutvision.Mostof
themoneyflowedintolargecompanies,someofwhichceasedtoexist,whileunder-
fundeduniversitieswerecondescendinglyincludedintheconsortiainordertohave
atleastsomenovelideastopresentattheendoftheproject.
Thecheappath,letusidentifyitasthe“R”branch,startedwithCOSTAction207
DigitalLandMobileCommunications(COSTstandsforEuropean Cooperationin
thefieldofScientificandTechnicalresearch)andwas,beyondcomparison,cheaper
intermsofbudgetspentbytheCommission.Withparticipationofpublicandprivate
telecomresearchcenters,fouruniversitiesandtheresearchbranchesofseveralEu-
ropeantelecomoperators–indeed,inthedaysofmonopolyoperators,theredidexist
dedicatedresearch branches, some even staffed withthousandsofresearchers and
engineers!–clarifiedmanyopentechnologicalissuesinGSM’sspecificationphase.
AkeycontributortoGSM’ssuccesswasthecooperationamongcolleaguesmodel-
ingtheradiochannelandthosewhowouldusethesemodelstobasetheirdecisions
oncompetingproposedtechnologicalsolutions.The agreed-on“typicalmodels” –
I would prefer the term “reference models” – for rural areas, (RA), typical urban
(TU),badurban(BU)andhillyterrain(HT)havebecomelegendary.Thesuccessor
actions,COST231,259,273,and2100turnedouttobeas high-yieldforwireless
aslow-budgetfortheCommission.
The generaldiscontentwiththesituationofheavilyfundedindustrialR&Dand
underfundedacademic research inmanytechnologyareasfinallyleadtotheestab-
Foreword VII
lishmentofNetworksofExcellenceinEuropeanresearch,ofwhichNEWCOM++is
agrandexample.NEWCOM++wasgradedasthebestproposalintheSixthFrame-
work Programme’s call for an NoE in “Systems Beyond 3G”. However, another
contenderoriginatingfromtheCOSTtrackhadvaluableexpertiseintheradiochan-
nelandnetworkareas. Bearingthisinmind,theNEWCOM++management made
thebrilliantmovetomergethebestofbothproposals.
Whatwillbethefutureofwirelesscommunications?Thisbookindicatespossible
technologypathstothisfuture.Itwouldbegreattogivespecificanswers,butIcan
formulateonlyquestions.Whowilldominatethevaluechain?Content,carriers,or
vendors?Iwouldnotgoasfarascallingtheappsbusinessaparasiticindustry,but,
inthewordsofanon-Europeanserviceindustryleader,“We’recontinuingtoinvest
tocarrythedatabutwe’renotreallymonetisingitandthisisaglobalissuethatwe
have to address.” The apps hype willlead to more importantquestions about our
wayofhandlingthem(ornot).Brainresearch andpsychologytellus thathumans
arenotverygoodattime-sharing,but“alwayson”forcesusintothatdirection.Will
webeabletoresistdownloadingeverypieceofinformationofferedtous?Willwe
stayfreeofgadgets,whicharesoextremelyusefulthatweyieldedtothemwithout
realizingthatwe already havebecome addicted? Isn’tthere ahazard tolose skills
that in our evolutionhad been essential for survival? Assuming that many of our
dailyactivitieswillbe handledbyappsfromoutsmartphone–orwhateveritwill
beinthefuture–whatwillhappen,ifthereappearsthistinylittlebugdisablingthe
phone?Oritrunsoutofpowerataplacewherewecannotreloadourbattery?
In thepast, the vastmajorityofforecasts aboutnumbers ofwireless communi-
cationusershadbeenconsistentlyonthelowside.Recently,Ireadaboutaforecast
of50billion(!)connectionsbywirelessworld-wide.Machine-to-machineevidently
willhavetomakethemajorityofthese.Willwecommunicationsengineerssucceed
toreducethepowerrequirementsoftheseconnectionstolevelsthatpowerengineers
willbeabletosupply?
Lookingat today’sEuropean wireless industry,I see dark cloudshovering. Of
course,aswirelesscommunicationshasbecomeacommodityissuesotherthansci-
entificonesprevail,bynecessitymostlycommercial ones.Insteadofregardingre-
searchasanassettomakefuturebusiness,inflatedcontrollingandmarketingdepart-
mentsatvendorsandoperatorsconsiderresearchmerelyasanelementofexpendi-
ture.Handingoutsubsidizedphonesandimplementingflat-ratepolicies(“1000min-
utesforfree”)havegiventhepublicthenotionthatwirelessisn’tworthmuch,while
shaking the commercial basis of operators. Despite obviously fierce competition,
whichturnedintonothinglessthanasuicidalfightformarketshares,sector-specific
regulationstillappliesforoperators–asingularatavisminEurope’sneoliberalpoli-
cies.Incontrast,parasiticindustriesflourish,likesellingesotericplasticchips(with-
outanyeffectatall)claimingprotectagainstthenever-provenhazardsofcell-phone
radiation.
Whatcanwelearnfromthisbriefrecount?First,practisingcooperationandshar-
ingknowledgeisthebestwaytopromoteengineering,innovation,andscience.The
successofNEWCOM++successisvividproof.Second,asscientists/engineersare
replacedbymarketers,itwillrequirenewscientificvisionstoregainEurope’sleadin
VIII Foreword
wirelesscommunications.Andthird,communicationsengineers,whohaveaproven
recordtoenhancemankind’sabilities,willhavetofocusonrespondingtootherbasic
personalneeds,asthereissecurity,recognition,possiblyplay/entertainment,with-
outputtingatstakeourautonomy.
EnjoyreadingaboutthevisionsofNEWCOM++!
Vienna,May2011 ErnstBonek
Acknowledgements
ThisbookistheresultofanintegratedeffortofmanyexcellentEuropeanresearchers
allinhabitingforafewyearsaoneandonlylargevirtuallaboratory:theEuropean
Network of Excellence in Wireless COMmunicationsNEWCOM++ supported by
the European Commission’s research Framework Program 7. The main objective
of a Network of Excellence (NoE) is creating an environment to foster coopera-
tionacrossthedifferentexcellentresearch InstitutionsinEurope,andnurturingan
attitudetowards integratedresearch in a new generation of youngresearchers. In
particular,NEWCOM++ startedinJanuary2008andended inApril2011,andits
purposewas addressingmedium/longterm, complex,interdisciplinary,fundamen-
talresearchproblemsinthefieldofwirelessnetworks,withaspecificfocustowards
identifying,castingintotherightmodelingperspective, andatleastpartiallychar-
acterizingtheinformation-communicationtheoreticallimits.
This “Vision Book” is the indirect results of the many researchers who con-
tributedto the success of the NoE, and whose invaluable work we would like to
explicitlyacknowledgehere. Thereader willsee theirnames atthestartofthepa-
pers they contributedto prepare – we just say that it was a pleasure coordinating
suchadistinguishedgroupofpeople.Butwewouldalsoliketoexplicitlymention
theTechnicalOfficersoftheEuropeanCommission,DGInformationSociety,who
helped us shape, support, and sustain NEWCOM++: Peter Stuckmann and Andy
Houghtonwhose precious and continuingcooperation was the soil on which our
researchrootedandgrew.
Inadditiontothecontributorsthatappearatthebeginningofeachpaper,aspecial
mentiongoestoGiacomoBaccifromtheUniversityofPisawhosehelpincollecting
all the contributions,givingthem a uniform and coordinated shape and assemble
whatcouldbecalled“amanuscript”wasinvaluable.
Seeingsomanyyoungresearchersworkingtogetherandwishingtopursueaca-
reerinresearchwasthebestrewardwecouldhaveaskedatthetimewhenwestarted
NEWCOM++. As anencouragement toallthosewhostillwishtopursuea career
inresearch,weconcludethisacknowledgementsectionwithaquotebytheDanish-
bornscientistNielsStensen (1638–1686,LatinizedNicolausSteno),discoverer of
theductusstenonianus(theductoftheparotidsalivarygland):
X Acknowledgements
PulchraSuntQuaeVidemus
QuaeScimusPulchriora
LongePulcherrimaQuaeIgnoramus
or,inplainEnglish,
“Beautifuliswhatwesee
Morebeautifuliswhatweknow
Mostbeautifulbyfariswhatwestillignore”
SergioBenedetto
LuisM.Correia
MarcoLuise
Contents
Introduction.................................................. 1
Trendsinuser/societyneedsandfuturewirelessstandards........... 5
GiovanniCorazza, Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli,Raffaella Pedone,
AndreasPolydoros,DominiqueNoguet,AdrianKlicks,JordiPe´rez-Romero,
AlessandroGuidotti,andFlaviaMartelli
Heterogeneousandopportunisticwirelessnetworks ................ 41
JordiPe´rez-Romero,SergioPalazzo, LauraGalluccio,GiacomoMorabito,
AlessandroLeonardi, CarlesAnto´n-Haro,ErdalArıkan,Gerd Asheid,
Marc Belleville, Ioannis Dagres, Davide Dardari, Mischa Dohler,
Yonina Eldar, Laura Galluccio, Sinan Gezici, Lorenza Giupponi,
ChristineGuillemot,GeorgeIosifidis,MichelKieffer,MariosKountouris,
AlessandroLeonardi,Marco Luise, GuidoMasera, JavierMatamoros,
Natalia Miliou,Giacomo Morabito,DominiqueMorche, Christophe
Moy,CarlesNavarro, GabriellaOlmo,SergioPalazzo, Jacques Palicot,
RaffaellaPedone,VenkateshRamakrishnan,ShlomoShamai,PiotrTyczka,
LucVandendorpe,AlessandroVanelli-Coralli,ClaudioWeidmann,and
AndreasZalonis
Cognitiveandcooperativewirelessnetworks ...................... 67
Sergio Palazzo, Davide Dardari, Mischa Dohler, Sinan Gezici,
Lorenza Giupponi,Marco Luise,JordiPe´rez Romero,ShlomoShamai,
DominiqueNoguet,ChistopheMoy,andGerdAsheid
Theultimatelimitsofwirelessnetworks .......................... 85
CarlesAnto´n-Haro,YoninaEldar, Laura Galluccio, George Iosifidis,
Marios Kountouris, Iordanis Koutsopoulos, Javier Matamoros,
SergioPalazzo,ShlomoShamai,MarcBelleville,VenkateshRamakrishnan,
GuidoMasera,andDominiqueMorche
