The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 4: c. 1024-c. 1198 (Part 1)

918 Pages·2004·13.17 MB·english

by  David Luscombe

TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory
ThefourthvolumeoftheNewCambridgeMedievalHistorycoversthe
eleventhandtwelfthcenturies,whichcomprisedperhapsthemostdy-
namicperiodintheEuropeanmiddleages.ThisisahistoryofEurope,
butthecontinentisinterpretedwidelytoincludetheNearEastand
NorthAfricaaswell.Thevolumeisdividedintotwopartsofwhich
this,thefirst,dealswiththemes,ecclesiasticalandsecular,andmajor
developmentsinanagemarkedbytheexpansionofpopulation,agri-
culture,trade,townsandthefrontiersofwesternsociety;byaradical
reform of the structure and institutions of the western church, and
by fundamental changes in relationships with the eastern churches,
Byzantium,IslamandtheJews;bytheappearanceofnewkingdoms
andstates,andbythedevelopmentofcrusades,knighthoodandlaw,
Latinandvernacularliterature,RomanesqueandGothicartandar-
chitecture,heresiesandthescholasticmovement.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory
editorial board
DavidAbulafia RosamondMcKitterick
MartinBrett EdwardPowell
SimonKeynes JonathanShepard
PeterLinehan PeterSpufford
Volume iv c. 1024–c. 1198
Part 1
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE NEW
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
VolumeIVc.1024–c.1198
Part1
edited by
DAVID LUSCOMBE
ProfessorofMedievalHistory
UniversityofSheffield
and
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
DixieProfessorofEcclesiasticalHistory,
UniversityofCambridge
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa~oPaulo
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/
©CambridgeUniversityPress
Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished
Reprinted
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
Libraryof CongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
-----paperback
- ---hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLs
forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhisbook,anddoesnotguarantee
thatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
Listofplates pageix
Listofmaps xiii
Listofcontributors xiv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Listofabbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
david luscombe and jonathan riley-smith
2 Theruraleconomyanddemographicgrowth 11
robert fossier
3 Townsandthegrowthoftrade 47
derek keene
4 Governmentandcommunity 86
susan reynolds
5 Thedevelopmentoflaw 113
peter landau
6 Knightlysociety 148
jean flori
7 War,peaceandtheChristianorder 185
ernst-dieter hehl
8 Thestructureofthechurch,1024–1073 229
h. e. j. cowdrey
vii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
viii Contents
9 Reformandthechurch,1073–1122 268
i. s. robinson
10 Religiouscommunities,1024–1215 335
giles constable
11 Theinstitutionsofthechurch,1073–1216 368
i. s. robinson
12 Thoughtandlearning 461
david luscombe
13 Religionandthelaity 499
bernard hamilton
14 Thecrusades,1095–1198 534
jonathan riley-smith
15 Theeasternchurches 564
jean richard
16 MuslimSpainandPortugal:al-Andalusanditsneighbours 599
hugh kennedy
17 TheJewsinEuropeandtheMediterraneanbasin 623
robert chazan
18 Latinandvernacularliterature 658
jan ziolkowski
19 Architectureandthevisualarts 693
peter kidson
Listofprimarysources 732
Bibliographyofsecondaryworksarrangedbychapter 758
Index 865
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
PLATES
Frontispiece
EpiscopalthroneintheapseofS.MariainCosmedin,Rome,foundedinthe
sixthcenturyandrestoredin1120.Photo:Scala,Florence.
betweenpages170and171
1 KirbyBellars,Leicestershire:windmillmoundsamidst
ridge-and-furrow.(cid:1)CambridgeUniversityCollectionof
C
AirPhotographs.
2 NewBuckenham,Norfolk:motteandbaileycastle
mound,1150s,andthetwelfth-centurynewtown.
(cid:1)Crowncopyright,CambridgeUniversityCollection.
C
3 OldSarum,Salisbury,Wiltshire.(cid:1)Crowncopyright,
C
NationalMonumentsRecord.
4 HedinghamCastle,Essex.(cid:1)EnglishHeritage,National
C
MonumentsRecord.
5 OrfordCastle,Suffolk.(cid:1)EnglishHeritage,National
C
MonumentsRecord.
6 ChaˆteauGaillard,LesAndelys,Eure,France,latetwelfth
century.PhotoAlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredes
C
monumentsnationaux,Paris.
7 TheeastendofSpeyercathedral,lateeleventhcentury.
BildarchivFotoMarburg.
8 AlmohadcitywallandtheLionGate,Seville.Instituto
AndaluzdelPatrimonioHisto´rico,FondoGra´fico,Seville.
9 FortifiedwallsoftheAlca´zar,Je´rezdelaFrontera.
InstitutoAndaluzdelPatrimonioHisto´rico,Fondo
Gra´fico,Seville.
10 TheGiraldaTower,Seville.InstitutoAndaluzdel
PatrimonioHisto´rico,FondoGra´fico,Seville.
ix
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
x Listofplates
11 TheabbeyofStBenoˆıt-sur-Loire,Fleury,France.Photo
JeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
12 TheabbeyofCluny,France,showingtheruinedsouth
transept.PhotoAlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredes
C
monumentsnationaux,Paris.
13 TheabbeyofVe´zelay,naveinteriorlookingeast.Photo
AlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
14 TheabbeyofStStephen,Caen,naveinteriorlooking
east.PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonuments
C
nationaux,Paris.
15 Durhamcathedral,choirandchancellookingeast.
(cid:1)EnglishHeritage,NationalMonumentsRecord.
C
16 TheabbeyofFontenay,c.1140,naveinteriorlookingeast.
PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
17 TheruinsofRocheabbey,SouthYorkshire.(cid:1)English
C
Heritage,NationalMonumentsRecord.
18 ThecathedralofCefalu`,Sicily,apsemosaicc.1143.
(cid:1)FratelliAlinari,Florence.
C
19 CampoSanto,Pisa,showingthebaptistery,cathedral
andcampanile.(cid:1)FratelliAlinari,Florence.
C
20 Chartrescathedral,westfac¸ade.PhotoEtienneRevault
(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
21 Laoncathedral,naveinterior,lastquarterofthetwelfth
century.PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonuments
C
nationaux,Paris.
22 TheByzantineemperorBasilII,the‘Bulgarslayer’.
Eleventh-centuryGreekPsalterium,Venice,Biblioteca
Marciana(MSGr.17,f.3r).
23 ThegospelsofHenrytheLion,c.1188,showingthe
spiritualcoronationofHenryandMatilda,observedby
saintsandrelatives.(cid:1)HerzogAugustBibliothek,
C
Wolfenbu¨ttel(MSGuelf.105Noviss.2,f.171v).
24 PopeInnocentIIopposestherevivaloftheRoman
senate.Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨t,Jena(MSBos.q.6,f.91v).
25 Subumbrisarborum:Cistercianmonksengagedinlabour,
andthefirstfourCistercianabbots.Bypermissionofthe
SyndicsofCambridgeUniversityLibrary(MSMm.5.31).
26 Bernard,AbbotofClairvaux,instructingmonksinhis
firstsermonontheSongofSongs.BibliotecaUniversitaria
diPadova(MS687).
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Listofplates xi
27 Philosophy,thesevenliberalartsandthepoets,depicted
inaneditionofHortusdeliciarum,c.1175–85byHerrad,
abbessofLandsberg(orHohenburg)inAlsace.
28 HughofStVictor,depictedinacopyofhisDidascalicon
in1176–77.(cid:1)LeidenUniversiteitsbibliotheek(MSVulc.
C
46.f.130r).
29 PsalmswiththeGlossaordinaria.Bypermissionofthe
HoughtonLibrary,HarvardUniversity(MSTyp260,ff.
175v–176).
30 PeterLombard,CommentaryonthePsalms.Oxford,
BodleianLibrary(MSAuct.D.2.8.,f.105r).
31 ColophonpageofaBiblewrittenbyaJewishscribein
Englandin1189.ValmadonnnaTrustLibrary(MS
Sassoon282,p.482).
32 GratianofBologna,Decretum.BibliotecaNazionale
Centrale,Florence(MSConv.Soppr.A.I.402,f.23r).
33 Theweighingofsouls,tympanumsculpturec.1125by
GislebertusofAutun,Autuncathedral.Archives
historiques(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
34 TheabbeyofCluny,ambulatorycapitalrepresentingthe
firstofeighttonesofchurchmusic,c.1095.PhotoAlain
Longchampt(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
C
35 Eve,c.1125,fromthelintelofthenorthportalofAutun
cathedralbyGislebertusofAutun.Archiveshistoriques(cid:1)
C
Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris.
36 Apsemosaicc.1020oftheVirginandChildinthe
churchoftheKatholikon,HosiosLoukas,Greece.(cid:1)
C
SoniaHallidayPhotographs.
37 ThecrownofConstantineIX:thethreecentralplaques
showtheemperor,andtheempressesZoe¨andTheodora.
BypermissionoftheHungarianNationalMuseum,Budapest.
38 TheBayeuxTapestry,eleventhcentury:Harold,kingof
theEnglish,receivestheorbandsceptrewiththeblessing
ofArchbishopStigand.BypermissionofthecityofBayeux.
39 TheBayeuxTapestry,eleventhcentury:theEnglishflee
fromthebattleofHastings.Bypermissionofthecityof
Bayeux.
40 Drawingoftheapotheosisofthepopesofthereform
(1061–1119)fromafrescooriginallyinSt.Nicholasinthe
Lateran,Rome.BypermissionoftheBritishLibrary,London.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008