The New Cambridge History of Islam (Volume 1)

824 Pages·2010·35.3 MB·English

by  Chase F. Robinson

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
ISLAM
*
VOLUME 1
The Formation of the Islamic World
Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
*
Editedby
CHASE F. ROBINSON
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
the new cambridge history of
ISLAM
*
volume 1
TheFormationoftheIslamicWorld
SixthtoEleventhCenturies
Sincethe1970s,thestudyofearlyIslamichistoryhasbeentrans
formed by new methods and sources. Volume 1 of The New
CambridgeHistoryofIslam,whichsurveysthepoliticalandcultural
historyofIslamfromitsLateAntiqueoriginsuntiltheeleventh
century,bringstogethercontributionsfromleadingscholarsinthe
field. The book is divided into four parts. The first provides an
overviewofphysicalandpoliticalgeographyoftheLateAntique
Middle East. The second charts the rise of Islam and the emer
genceof theIslamic political order under theUmayyad andthe
Abbasid caliphs of the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries, fol
lowedbythedissolutionoftheempireinthetenthandeleventh.
‘Regionalism’,theoverlappinghistoriesoftheempire’sprovinces,
isthefocusofpartthree,whilepartfourprovidesafullyuptodate
discussionofthesourcesandcontroversiesofearlyIslamichistory,
including a survey of numismatics, archaeology and material
culture.
CHASEF.ROBINSON,formerlyProfessorofIslamicHistoryatthe
Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, is currently
Distinguished Professor of History and Provost at the Graduate
Centre,theCityUniversityofNewYork.HeistheauthorofThe
LegacyoftheProphet:TheMiddleEastandIslam,600 1300(forthcom
ing), Islamic Historiography (2003) and Empire and Elites after the
MuslimConquest:TheTransformationofNorthernMesopotamia(2000).
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF
ISLAM
TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIslamoffersacomprehensivehistory
ofIslamiccivilisation,tracingitsdevelopmentfromitsbeginnings
inseventhcenturyArabiatoitswideandvariedpresenceinthe
globalised world of today. Under the leadership of the Prophet
Muh.ammad,theMuslimcommunitycoalescedfromascattered,
desertpopulationand,followinghisdeath,emergedfromArabia
to conquer an empire which, by the early eighth century,
stretched from India in the east to Spain in the west. By the
eighteenth century, despite political fragmentation, the Muslim
world extended from West Africa to SouthEast Asia. Today,
Muslims are also found in significant numbers in Europe and
the Americas, and make up about onefifth of the world’s
population.
Toreflectthisgeographicaldistributionandthecultural,social
andreligious diversity ofthepeoples oftheMuslim world,The
NewCambridgeHistoryofIslamisdividedintosixvolumes.Four
cover historical developments, and two are devoted to themes
thatcutacrossgeographicalandchronologicaldivisions themes
rangingfromsocial,politicalandeconomicrelationstothearts,
literature and learning. Each volume begins with a panoramic
introductionsettingthescenefortheensuingchaptersandexam
ining relationships with adjacent civilisations. Two of the vol
umes onehistorical,theotherthematic arededicatedtothe
developmentsofthelasttwocenturies,andshowhowMuslims,
unitedforsomanyyearsintheirallegiancetoanoverarchingand
distincttradition,havesoughttocometotermswiththeemer
genceofWesternhegemonyandthetransitiontomodernity.
Thetimeisrightforthisnewsynthesisreflectingdevelopments
inscholarshipoverthelastgeneration.TheNewCambridgeHistory
ofIslamisanambitiousenterprisedirectedandwrittenbyateam
combiningestablishedauthoritiesandinnovativeyoungerschol
ars.Itwillbethestandardreferenceforstudents,scholarsandall
thosewithenquiringmindsforyearstocome.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Generaleditor
michael cook, class of 1943 university professor of
near eastern studies, princeton university
volume 1
TheFormationoftheIslamicWorld
SixthtoEleventhCenturies
editedbychase f. robinson
volume 2
TheWesternIslamicWorld
EleventhtoEighteenthCenturies
editedbymaribel fierro
volume 3
TheEasternIslamicWorld
EleventhtoEighteenthCenturies
editedbydavid o. morgan and anthony reid
volume 4
IslamicCulturesandSocietiestotheEndoftheEighteenthCentury
editedbyrobert irwin
volume 5
TheIslamicWorldintheAgeofWesternDominance
editedbyfrancis robinson
volume 6
MuslimsandModernity
CultureandSocietysince1800
editedbyrobert w.hefner
GrantsmadefromanawardtotheGeneralEditorbythe
AndrewW.MellonFoundation,andfromtheNationalEndowment
fortheHumanitiesRZ-50616-06,contributedtothedevelopmentof
TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIslam.Inparticularthegrantsfunded
thesalaryofWilliamM.Blair,whoservedasEditorialAssistant
from2004to2008.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
cambridge university press
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#CambridgeUniversityPress2010
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2010
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
ThenewCambridgehistoryofIslam/generaleditor,MichaelCook.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
Contents:v.1. TheformationoftheIslamicworld,sixthtoeleventhcenturies/editedbyChase
F.Robinson–v.2. ThewesternIslamicworld,eleventhtoeighteenthcenturies/editedby
MaribelFierro–v.3. TheeasternIslamicworld,eleventhtoeighteenthcenturies/editedby
DavidMorganandAnthonyReid–v.4. Islamicculturesandsocietiestotheendofthe
eighteenthcentury/editedbyRobertIrwinwithWilliamBlair–v.5. TheIslamicworld
intheageofWesterndominance/editedbyFrancisRobinson–v.6. Muslimsand
modernity:cultureandsocietysince1800/editedbyRobertHefner.
isbn978-0-521-83823-8
1. Islamiccountries–History. 2. Islamiccivilization. I. Cook,M.A. II. Title.
ds35.6.c3 2008
9090.09767–dc22
2010002830
isbn978-0-521-83823-8Volume1Hardback
isbn978-0-521-51536-8Setof6HardbackVolumes
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoin
thisbook,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,
orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
Listofillustrations pagex
Listofmaps xiv
Listofgenealogies xv
Listofcontributors xvi
Anoteontransliterationandpronunciation xix
Anoteondating xxi
Chronology xxii
Listofabbreviations xxvi
Maps xxvii
Introduction 1
chase f. robinson
part i
THE LATE ANTIQUE CONTEXT 17
1.TheresourcesofLateAntiquity 19
john haldon
2.ThelateRoman/earlyByzantineNearEast 72
mark whittow
3.ThelateSasanianNearEast 98
josef wieseho¨fer
4.PreIslamicArabia 153
michael lecker
vii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
part ii
UNIVERSALISM AND IMPERIALISM 171
5.TheriseofIslam,600 705 173
chase f. robinson
6.TheempireinSyria,705 763 226
paul m. cobb
7.TheempireinIraq,763 861 269
tayeb el hibri
8.Thewaningofempire,861 945 305
michael bonner
9.ThelateqAbbasidpattern,945 1050 360
hugh kennedy
part iii
REGIONALISM 395
10.Arabia 397
ella landau tasseron
11.TheIslamiceast 448
elton l. daniel
12.Syria 506
r. stephen humphreys
13.Egypt 541
michael brett
14.TheIberianPeninsulaandNorthAfrica 581
eduardo manzano moreno
viii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
part iv
THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF EARLY ISLAMIC
HISTORY 623
15.ModernapproachestoearlyIslamichistory 625
fred m. donner
16.Numismatics 648
stefan heidemann
17.Archaeologyandmaterialculture 664
marcus milwright
Conclusion:FromformativeIslamtoclassicalIslam 683
chase f. robinson
Glossary 696
Bibliography 699
Index 784
ix
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Illustrations
Plates
Theplatesaretobefoundbetweenpages658and659
16.1 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Byzantium,HeracliusandHeracliusConstantine,
nomisma,Constantinople,[c.616 25CE],OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.
2007041(4.21g)
16.2 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Byzantium,ConstansII,follis,Constantinople,
regnalyear3(643 4CE),OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.303D5(4.80g)
16.3 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Sasanians,KhusrauII,drahm,pHM(Hamadhan),
regnalyear29(618 19CE),OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.302B5(3.46g)
16.4 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,tremisses/thulthdınar,Afrika
(Qayrawan),undated[c.90 3/708 11],OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.
305B2(1.37g)
16.5 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,fals,Emisis/H.ims.,[c.50s/670s 74/692],
validatingmarkΚΑΛΟΝandt.ayyib;OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.
303C8(3.85g)
16.6 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,fals,Damascus/Dimashq,[c.50s/
670 74/692],validatingmarkjapiz;OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.303C10
(5.19g)
16.7 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,qAbdAllahibnqAmiribnKurayz,drahm,
abbreviationDP(probablyFasaintheDarabjirddistrict),AH43(immobilised
date,c.43 7/663 8)OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.2005 15 2(4.04g)
16.8 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Zubayrids,qAbdAllahibnalZubayr,drahm,DpGH
(DarabjirdJahrum),Yazdegerdera60(72/692),OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.
no.2005 15 4(4.12g)
16.9 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Zubayrids,qAbdalqAzızibnqAbdAllah,drahm,
abbreviationSK(Sistan),AH72(691 2CE),coll.MohsenFaroughi
16.10 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,anonymous,dınar,[Damascus],AH77(696
CE),OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.303A2(4.45g)
16.11 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,anonymous,fals,Manbij,[74 7/692 6],title
amıralmupminınandkhalıfatAllah,OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.303G6(2.70g)
16.12 (a,b,obverseandreverse)Umayyads,anonymous,dınar,[Damascus],AH93
(711 12CE),OrientalCoinCabinetJenainv.no.306A2(4.23g)
x
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011