Table Of ContentTHE MONGOL WORLD
Drawing upon research carried out in several different languages and across a
variety of disciplines, The Mongol World documents how Mongol rule shaped the
trajectory of Eurasian history from Central Europe to the Korean Peninsula, from
the thirteenth century to the ffteenth century.
Contributing authors consider how intercontinental environmental, economic,
and intellectual trends affected the Empire as a whole and, where appropriate,
situate regional political, social, and religious shifts within the context of the broader
Mongol Empire. Issues pertaining to the Mongols and their role within the societies
that they conquered therefore take precedence over the historical narratives of those
societies. Alongside the formation, conquests, administration, and political structure
of the Mongol Empire, the second section examines archaeology and art history,
family and royal households, science and exploration, and religion, which provides
greater insight into the social history of the Empire – an aspect often neglected by
traditional dynastic and political histories.
With 58 chapters written by both senior and early-career scholars, the volume
is an essential resource for all students and scholars who study the Mongol Empire
from its origins to its disintegration and legacy.
Timothy May (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison) is Professor of Central
Eurasian History at the University of North Georgia and serves as Associate Dean
of Arts & Letters. A scholar of the Mongol Empire, he focuses on Mongol military
history and strategy. He is the author of The Mongol Art of War (2007), The Mongol
Conquests in World History (2012), The Mongol Empire (2018), The Mongols
(2019), and Simply Chinggis (2021). In 2014, he was named the University of North
Georgia Alumni Distinguished Professor, and he earned the UNG Distinguished
Teaching Award in 2021.
Michael Hope (Ph.D., Australian National University) is Associate Professor of
History at Yonsei University, Korea. He specializes in the political and cultural history
of the Mongol Empire with a particular focus on the Ilkhanate. He is the author of
Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran (2016).
THE ROUTLEDGE WORLDS
THE GNOSTIC WORLD
Edited by Garry W. Trompf, Gunner B. Mikkelsen and Jay Johnston
THE ANDEAN WORLD
Edited by Linda J. Seligmann and Kathleen Fine-Dare
THE SYRIAC WORLD
Edited by Daniel King
THE FAIRY TALE WORLD
Edited by Andrew Teverson
THE MELANESIAN WORLD
Edited by Eric Hirsch and Will Rollason
THE MING WORLD
Edited by Kenneth M. Swope
THE GOTHIC WORLD
Edited by Glennis Byron and Dale Townshend
THE IBERIAN WORLD
Edited by Fernando Bouza, Pedro Cardim, and Antonio Feros
THE MAYA WORLD
Edited by Scott Hutson and Traci Ardren
THE WORLD OF THE OXUS CIVILIZATION
Edited by Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda Dubova
THE GRAECO-BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK WORLD
Edited by Rachel Mairs
THE UMAYYAD WORLD
Edited by Andrew Marsham
THE ASANTE WORLD
Edited by Edmund Abaka and Kwame Osei Kwarteng
THE SAFAVID WORLD
Edited by Rudi Matthee
THE BIBLICAL WORLD, SECOND EDITION
Edited by Katharine J. Dell
THE TOKUGAWA WORLD
Edited by Gary P. Leupp and De-min Tao
THE INUIT WORLD
Edited by Pamela Stern
THE ARTHURIAN WORLD
Edited by Miriam Edlich-Muth, Renée Ward and Victoria Coldham-Fussell
THE MONGOL WORLD
Edited by Timothy May and Michael Hope
THE SÁMI WORLD
Edited by Sanna Valkonen, Áile Aikio, Saara Alakorva and Sigga-Marja Magga
www.routledge.com/Routledge-Worlds/book-series/WORLDS
T H E
M O N G O L
W O R L D
rsr
Edited by
Timothy May and Michael Hope
Cover image: Rashid Al-Din (1247–1318)
Guerriers mongols Miniature du Jami al-tawarikh (Histoire universelle).
14e siècle Paris, Bilbiothèque Nationale © Photo 12 / Alamy Stock Photo
First published 2022
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Timothy May and Michael Hope;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Timothy May and Michael Hope to be identifed as the authors of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: May, Timothy Michael, editor. | Hope, Michael (College teacher), editor.
Title: The Mongol world / edited by Timothy May and Michael Hope.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Series:
Routledge worlds | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2021051604 (print) | LCCN 2021051605 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781138056671 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032244839 (pbk) | ISBN 9781315165172 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Mongols—History—To 1500. | Eurasia—History—To 1500. |
Mongolia—History—To 1500.
Classifcation: LCC DS19 .M5962 2022 (print) | LCC DS19 (ebook) |
DDC 950/.2—dc23/eng/20220121
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051604
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051605
ISBN: 978-1-138-05667-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-24483-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16517-2 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781315165172
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
In memory of David O. Morgan and Thomas T. Allsen, two scholars
who profoundly shaped the study of the Mongol Empire and inspired
the scholars who contributed to this volume. We all stand upon the
shoulders of David and Tom, and they are sorely missed.
v
CONTENTS
rsr
List of figures xiii
List of maps xv
List of contributors xvi
Acknowledgements xxiv
List of abbreviations xxv
Introduction 1
Michael Hope and Timothy May
SECTION 1 CONQUEST AND STATE FORMATION 17
Section 1 Introduction: conquest and state formation 19
Michael Hope and Timothy May
PART I CHINGGIS KHAN AND STATE FORMATION 31
1 Mongolia before Chinggis Khan 33
Isenbike Togan
2 The rise of Chinggis Khan 51
Timothy May
3 The early Mongol State 68
Isenbike Togan
PART II THE MONGOL CONQUESTS 87
4 The Mongol conquest of Xi Xia 89
David Curtis Wright
vii
— Contents —
5 The Mongol conquest of the Jin Empire, 1211–1234 101
David Curtis Wright
6 The Mongol conquest of the Song Empire, 1234–1279 118
David Curtis Wright
7 The conquest of Qara Khitai and western Siberia 137
Timothy May
8 The conquest of the Dasht-i Qipchaq 150
Timothy May
9 The Mongol conquest of Rus’ 164
Alexander V. Maiorov
10 The Mongol invasions of Europe 183
Stephen Pow
11 The Mongol conquest of Iran 196
Beatrice Forbes Manz
12 The Mongol conquest of Caucasia 213
John Latham-Sprinkle
13 The Mongol conquest of the Near East 227
Timothy May
PART III THE MONGOL SUCCESSOR STATES 243
14 The Jochid Ulus 245
Roman Hautala
15 The Yuan Empire 263
Xiaolin Ma
16 The Ilkhanate 279
George Lane
17 The Middle Empire 298
Michael Hope
PART IV A DMINISTRATION AND POLITICAL
STRUCTURE 317
18 The Yasa 319
Denise Aigle
19 Jarqu and Jarquchin 331
Florence Hodous
viii
— Contents —
20 Daughters, consort families and the military 341
Anne F. Broadbridge
21 Mongol state formation and imperial transformation 351
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene
22 The Keshig 370
Michael Hope
23 The Jam System: The Mongol institution for communication and
transportation 382
Hosung Shim
SECTION 2 T HE SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE
MONGOL EMPIRE 395
Section 2 Introduction: The social history of the Mongol Empire 397
Michael Hope and Timothy May
PART V FAMILY AND ROYAL HOUSEHOLDS 407
24 Consort families in the successor khanates 409
Anne F. Broadbridge
25 Elite women in the Mongol Empire 422
Bruno De Nicola
PART VI FINANCE, TRADE, AND ECONOMY 441
26 Mongol monetary trends 443
Judith Kolbas
27 Maritime silk route: the Mongols and the Indian Ocean 458
Paul D. Buell
28 Taxation in the Jochid Ulus 468
István Vásáry
29 Overland trade in the Mongol world 484
Colleen C. Ho
PART VII ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART HISTORY 505
30 The archaeology of the Mongol Empire 507
Ulambayar Erdenebat, Jargalan Burentogtokh, and William Honeychurch
31 The art history and material culture of the Yuan Empire 534
Shane McCausland
ix
