The molecular life of plants

768 Pages·2013·12.61 MB·English

by  Russell L Jones

The Molecular
Life of Plants
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The Molecular
Life of Plants
Russell Jones, Helen Ougham,
Howard Thomas and Susan Waaland

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Themolecularlifeofplants/RussellJones...[etal.].
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ISBN978-0-470-87012-9(pbk.:alk.paper)—ISBN978-0-470-87011-2(hardcover:alk.paper)
1.Plantmolecularbiology—Textbooks.2.Plantphysiology—Textbooks.3.Botany—Research—Textbooks.
I.Jones,RussellL.

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2012007650
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1 2013
Brief contents
Preface xxiii
Origins
Part I
Plant life: a primer
1
3
Molecules, metabolism and energy
2
42
Genome organization and expression
3
74
Cell architecture
4
114
Germination
Part II
Membrane transport and intracellular protein trafficking
5
149
Seed to seedling: germination and mobilization of food
6
reserves
181
Metabolism of reserves: re spiration and gluconeogenesis
7
218
Emergence
Part III
Light perception and transduction
8
251
Photosynthesis and photorespiration
9
284
Growth
Part IV
Hormones and other signals
10
329
The cell cycle and meristems
11
371
Growth and development
12
405
v
vi Briefcontents
Maturation
Part V
Mineral nutrient acquisition and assimilation
13
455
Intercellular and long-distance transport
14
504
Environmental interactions
15
534
Renewal
Part VI
Flowering and sexual reproduction
16
585
Development and dormancy of resting structures
17
629
Senescence, ripening and cell death
18
664
Acknowledgments,creditsandsources 707
Index 713

Companion website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/jones/molecularlifeofplants
The website includes:
•
Powerpoints of all figures
•
PDFs of all tables from the book for downloading
•
PDFs of the table of contents and index
Contents
Preface xxiii
1.6.2 Conifersconstituteanimportant
naturalresource 15
Part I
1.6.3 Sporangiaandgametophytesofpines
Origins andotherconifersareproducedin
cones 15
1.6.4 Pinereproductionischaracterizedbya
longdelaybetweenpollinationand
1 Plant life: a primer fertilization 16
3
1.6.5 Pineseedscontainbothdiploidand
haploidtissues 17
1.1 Anintroductiontoplantbiology 3
1.7 Angiospermphylogenyand
1.2 Plantsystematics 3
reproduction 18
1.2.1 Eachspecieshasauniquescientific
1.7.1 Thefloweristhedefiningfeatureof
namethatreflectsitsphylogeny 3
angiosperms 19
1.2.2 Modernclassificationschemesattempt
1.7.2 Gametophytesofangiospermsare
toestablishevolutionary
muchsmallerthanthoseof
relationships 4
gymnosperms 20
1.3 Theoriginoflandplants 6
1.7.3 Doublefertilizationinangiosperms
1.3.1 Thegreenplantclade,viridophytes, leadstotheformationofadiploid
includesthegreenalgaeandland embryoandpolyploid
plants 6 endosperm 20
1.3.2 Unliketheirgreenalgalancestors, 1.7.4 Inangiosperms,fruitspromoteseed
embryophyteshaveevolved dispersal 23
adaptationstolifeonland 6 1.8 TheseedplantbodyplanI.Epidermis,
1.4 Bryophytes 8 groundtissueandvascularsystem 23

1.4.1 Bryophyteshaveadaptedtoarangeof 1.8.1 Epidermaltissuecoverstheoutsideofa
environmentsandshowalimited plantwhilegroundtissuemakesupthe
degreeofdifferentiationintotissues bulkofaplant 24
andorgans 9 1.8.2 Vasculartissuesarespecializedfor
1.4.2 Gametophytesdominatethebryophyte long-distancetransport 27
lifecycle 9 1.8.3 Long-distancetransportofwater
1.4.3 Manyfeaturesofbryophytessuggesta occursintrachearyelements 27
linktothevascularplants 11 1.8.4 Long-distancetransportoforganic
1.5 Vascularplants 11 solutesoccursinsievetubes 27
1.5.1 Lycophyteswereamongthefirst 1.9 TheseedplantbodyplanII.Formand
tracheophytestoevolve 11 functionoforgansystems 27
1.5.2 Ferns,horsetailsandwhiskferns
1.9.1 Therootsystemacquireswaterand
constituteasinglemonophyleticclade,
minerals 28
themonilophytes 12
1.9.2 Primarytissuesoftherootconsistof
1.5.3 Althoughadaptedtoland,fernsrequire
thecentralstelesurroundedbythe
waterforreproduction 12
cortexandepidermis 30
1.5.4 Seedplantsaresuccessfulconquerors
1.9.3 Theshootsystemisorganizedinto
ofland 13
repeatingmodules 31
1.5.5 Seedsencasetheembryoanditsfood,
1.9.4 Thetissuesofanangiospermleaf
facilitatingdispersalofthenew
consistofanepidermiswithstomata,
sporophytegeneration 13
photosyntheticmesophyllcellsand
1.6 Gymnospermphylogenyand
veins 31
reproduction 15 1.9.5 Primarytissuesofthestemare
1.6.1 Gymnospermphylogenyrevealsfive organizeddifferentlyinmonocotsand
lineages 15 eudicots 32
vii
viii Contents
1.10 TheseedplantbodyplanIII.Growthand 2.3.6 SynthesisofATPoccursbytwodistinct
developmentofneworgans 33 mechanisms 64
2.4 Enzymes 64
1.10.1 Apicalmeristemsproducetheprimary
plantbody 34 2.4.1 Enzymesoftenrequirecofactors 64
1.10.2 Therootapexconsistsofthemeristem 2.4.2 Catalysisgreatlyincreasestheratesof
coveredbytherootcap,andlateral thermo-dynamicallyfeasiblereactions
rootsoriginateasprimordiainthe byreducingenergybarriers 67
pericycle 35 2.4.3 Anumberoffactorsdeterminetherate
1.10.3 Theshootapicalbudisthesourceof ofenzyme-catalyzedreactions 68
leaves,axillarybudsandfloral 2.4.4 Enzymeactivityisundertight
organs 35 regulation 70
1.10.4 Secondarygrowthisforthelonghaul,
uptothousandsofyears 35
1.10.5 Lateralmeristemsallowforexpansion 3 Genome organization and
ingirth 35
expression
1.10.6 Woodmorphologyisinfluencedby 74
environmentalandendogenous
factors 38 3.1 Introductiontogenesandgenomes 74
3.2 OrganizationofplantgenomesI.Plastid,
mitochondrialandnucleargenomes 74
Molecules, metabolism
2
3.2.1 Plastidgenomesdonotcontainallthe
and energy genesrequiredforplastidfunction 74
42
3.2.2 Plantmitochondrialgenomesvary
greatlyinsizebetweendifferentplant
2.1 Introductiontobiologicalchemistryand
species 75
energetics 42 3.2.3 Someplantnucleargenomesaremuch
largerthanthehumangenome,others
2.2 Biologicalmolecules 42
aremuchsmaller 78
2.2.1 Moleculesconsistofatomslinkedby
3.2.4 RepetitiveDNAmakesupmuchofthe
chemicalbonds 42
genomeinmanyplants 79
2.2.2 Chemicalstructuresarerepresentedin
3.2.5 Relatedplantspeciesshowconserved
avarietyofways 43
organizationofgenecontentand
2.2.3 Waterisanessentialconstituentof
order 81
livingcells 44
3.3 OrganizationofplantgenomesII.
2.2.4 Biologicalmoleculeshave
carbon–carbonbackbones 46 Chromosomesandchromatin 82
2.2.5 Monomersarelinkedtoform 3.3.1 Chromosomearmsaregene-rich 83
macromolecules 46 3.3.2 Eachchromosomearmterminatesina
2.2.6 Carbohydratesincludesimplesugars telomere 84
andcomplexpolysaccharides 47 3.3.3 Thecentromereisacomplexstructure
2.2.7 Lipidsincludeoils,fats,waxesand visibleasaconstrictioninthe
sterols 50 chromosome 85
2.2.8 Proteinsfunctionascatalysts, 3.3.4 Chromosomeshaveotherdistinctive
structuralandmechanicalentities,and structuralfeatures 86
signalingmolecules 54 3.3.5 DNAinthenucleusispackagedwith
2.2.9 Nucleicacidscontainthegenetic histonestoformchromatin 87
informationofanorganism 57 3.3.6 Eachspecieshasacharacteristic
2.3 Energy 59 chromosomenumber 88
3.3.7 Polyploidyandgenomeduplicationare
2.3.1 Biologicalsystemsobeythelawsof
commoninplants 89
thermodynamics 60
3.4 ExpressionoftheplantgenomeI.
2.3.2 Changeinfreeenergycanbeusedto
predictthedirectionofachemical TranscriptionofDNAtoRNA 91
reaction 60 3.4.1 Plantnucleargeneshavecomplex
2.3.3 Electronsaretransferredin structures 91
oxidation/reductionreactions 61 3.4.2 Histonesandchromatinorganization
2.3.4 Energyincellsflowsthrough playimportantrolesingene
phosphorylatedintermediates 62 expression 92
2.3.5 ATPisthecentralplayerincellular 3.4.3 Higher-orderchromatinstructurealso
energyflow 63 regulatesgeneexpression 92