The Miniature Wall Paintings of Thera: A Study in Aegean Culture and Iconography

351 Pages·1988·50.12 MB·English

by  Lyvia Morgan

T E MINIATURE
WALL PAINTINGS OF E A
A STUDY IN AEGEAN CULTURE
ANDICONOGRAP Y
L YVIA MORGAN
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lRP
32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia
©Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge 1988
First published 1988
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
British Library cataloguing in publication data
Morgan, Lyvia
The miniature wall paintings of Thera:
a study in Aegean culture and iconography.
- (Cambridge classical studies)
1. Mural painting and decoration, Greek - Greece - Thera
2. Thera Island (Greece) - Antiquities
3. Greece -Antiquities
I. Title
751.7'3'093915 ND2570
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
Morgan, Lyvia.
The miniature wall paintings of Thera:
a study in Aegean culture and iconography.
(Cambridge classical studies)
Bibliography.
Includes index.
1. Thera Island (Greece) -Antiquities.
2. Greece - Antiquities.
3. Mural painting and decoration, Minoan - Greece - Thera Island - Themes, motifs.
4. Minoans -Greece-Thera Island.
5. Akroterion (Greece) - Antiquities.
6. Mural painting and decoration, Minoan - Greece -Akroterion - Themes, motifs.
7. Mino ans Greece - Akroterion.
I. Title. II. Series.
DF221.T38M671988 939'.15 86-31694
ISBN 0 521 24727 6
WD
To the memory of
MARK CAMERON
With gratitude to the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos,
who presented the results of his excavations at Akrotiri to
the world with enthusiasm and erudition, opening the way
for further analytical discussion in the ensuing years.
CONTENTS
List of plates page IX 4 ARCHITECTURE 68
List of figures X111 The evidence 68
Abbreviations XVI Building materials 71
Preface xv ii Features 78
Chronological table XIX People and architecture 82
Horns of consecration 83
1 Introduction 1 Interpretation and functions of buildings 85
A. Subject 1 Summary of the two towns 86
B. Method and aims: a definition of iconography 10
5 THE LOCATION OF THE SCENES 88
Against the Libya theory 88
PART I: ICONOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS
The Aegean location 91
THE LAND
2 PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 17 THE PEOPLE
Plants 17 6 CLOTHING AND HAIR 93
Trees 17 Male clothing 93
Sedges) aquatic grasses and reeds 19 Female clothing 98
Papyrus 21 Materials 99
Palm 24 Hair 101
Saffron crocus 29 Summary 103
The environment 32
Coastal land 32 7 ARMOUR AND WEAPONS 104
Rocks 32 Sword 104
Rivers, sea and marine vegetation 34 Spear 106
The landscape garden 39 Shield 107
Helmet 109
3 ANIMALS AND BIRDS 41
Cat 41 8 IDENTITY OF THE PEOPLE 116
Lion 44 Occupations and hierarchy 116
Griffin 49 Gesture 117
Deer 54 Minoans, Mycenaeans, Therans 118
Ox 56
Sheep and goats 58 THE SEA
Dolphin 60 9 SHIPS AND BOATS 121
Birds 63 The mast 122
Vll
Vlll Contents
Sail and rigging 124 The South Wall 161
Steering 126 The West Wall 162
Propulsion by oar and paddle 127 The connecting elements 163
The hull 127 Narrative or theme? 164
The prow 131
The stern 134 CONCLUDING COMMENTS
The stern projection 135 13 THERA AND THE NEIGHBOURING WORLD 166
The stern cabin 137
PLATES
PART II: THEME between pages 172 and 173
10 THE NAUTICAL PROCESSION 143
Appendix: Akrotiri, Thera: distribution of wall
11 GENRE SCENES 146 paintings 173
A. The Landscape: an Aegean 'Nile scene' 146 Notes 175
B. Shipwreck and warriors 150 Select bibliography 212
Indices 224
12 THE WEST HOUSE THEME 155 I General index 224
The North Wall 156 II Index of illustrations 233
The East Wall 160
LIST OF PLATES
The miniature wall paintings from Thera are currently on 19. Lyme grass, Elymus arenarius. Photo: Ingmar Holmasen
exhibition in the National Museum, Athens, and are repro 20. Common reed, Phragmites communis. Ayia lrini, Kea
duced by courtesy of the Archaeological Society of Athens. It is 21. Reeds: detail from The Landscape (East Wall)
planned that eventually the paintings will be housed in the new 22. LM la amphora, Gournia. Herakleion, Archaeological
museum on Thera. Unless otherwise mentioned, photographs Museum. From Aberg 1933, 215, fig. 400
are the author's own. 23. LM lb cup Zakros, Herakleion, Archaeological Museum,
Photo: TAP, Athens
Colour plates (at end of book). Photo: TAP, Athens 24. Papyrus and cat: detail from The Landscape (East Wall)
A The North Wall: The Meeting on the Hill, Pastoralism, 25. Drawing of the Monkey and Shrine, fragment of a wall
Shipwreck and Warriors painting from Al, Akrotiri. From Thera II, 53, fig. 43.
B The East Wall: The Landscape Reproduced by courtesy of the Archaeological Society of
C The South Wall: The Ship Procession Athens
26. Drawing of the Papyrus painting, House of the Ladies,
Plates (between pages 172 and 173) Akrotiri. From Warren 1976, fig. 1
1. North Wall: The Meeting on the Hill (with fragment in 2 7. Sedges and young palms: detail from The Landscape (East
new position, cf. Col. pl. A) Wall)
2. North Wall: Pastoral Settlement and Warriors 28. Adult palms: detail from The Landscape (East Wall)
3. North Wall: Shipwreck 29. Young palm: detail from The Landscape
4. East Wall: palm trees 30. Date palms, Phoenix dactylifera. From Milne 1967, 274
5. East Wall: griffin and deer (detail). Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of
6. East Wall: cat and bird Cambridge University Library
7. East Wall: young palms 31. Gold cup from Vapheio, LHI. Athens, National Museum.
8. South Wall: Departure Town and surroundings Photo: Hirmer
9. South Wall: Ships 1 (above), 4 and part of 5 32. Man with palm, fragment of a wall painting from Al,
10. South Wall: Ship 2 (the flagship) and parts of Ships 5 and Akrotiri. Athens, National Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens
6 33. Agate seal. Crete, LM la. London, British Museum.
11. South Wall: Ship 6 (the sailing ship) and parts of Ships 2, 3 Impression. CMS VII, no. 72. Photo: CMS
(above) and 7 (below) 34. Agate seal, Aplomata, Naxos, LH III. Naxos Museum.
12. South Wall: Ships 3 (above) and 7 (below) approaching Impression. CMS V (II), no. 608. Photo: CMS
the Arrival Harbour 35. Plants (dwarf fan palm?): detail from The Landscape
13. South Wall: Arrival Town and surroundings (East Wall)
14. Trees: detail from the Departure Area (South Wall) 36. Plants (dwarf fan palm?): detail from The Landscape
15. Stone pines, Pinus pinea. Photo: Alta Dodds Niebuhr 37. Dwarf fan palm, Chamaerops humilis. Photo: Oleg
16. Trees in enclosure: detail from the Pastoral Settlement Polunin
(North Wall) 38. Two-handled amphora, t-..3, Akrotiri. From Thera IV,
17. Leaf and fruit of the fig pl. 66b. Reproduced by courtesy of the Archaeological
18. Fragment of a serpentine vessel, Knossos. Oxford, Society of Athens, and permission of the Syndics of
Ashmolean Museum. Photo: Museum Cambridge University Library
IX
x List of plates
39. Crocus pendants, the dress-ship lines of Ship 2: detail of 68. Drawing by Piet de Jong of the design on the Athens Agora
The Ship Procession (South Wall) ivory pyxis. Photo: American School of Classical Studies
40. Detail from the Crocus Gatherers painting, Xeste 3, at Athens, Agora Excavations
Akrotiri. Photo: Archaeological Society of Athens 69. Ivory mirror handle from Kouklia, Evreti tomb 8, Late
41. Detail of The Priestess panel (hands and brazier), Room 4, Cypriote Ill. Nicosia Museum. Photo: Museum
the West House 70. Ivory mirror handle from Enkomi tomb 73, Late
42. Seaweed, coastal building, drowning man: detail from Cypriote III. London, British Museum. Photo: Courtesy of
The Shipwreck (North Wall) the Trustees
43. River: detail of The Landscape (East Wall) 71. Ivory mirror handlefromEnkomi tomb 24 (side '1'), Late
44. River and 'Water' sign: detail of the Departure Area Cypriote III. London, British Museum. Photo: Courtesy of
(South Wall) the Trustees
45. The Monkeys painting, B6, Akrotiri. Athens, National 72. Ivory mirror handle from Enkomi tomb 24 (side '2'), Late
Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens Cypriote III. London, British Museum. Photo: Courtesy of
46. Round-based bottle. Thera Museum. Photo: Deutsches the Trustees ·
Archaologisches Institut 73. Deer: detail from The Landscape (East Wall)
4 7. LM lb oenochoe from Palaikastro showing papyrus and 74. Deer: detail from the Departure Area (South Wall)
'river'. Herakleion, Archaeological Museum. Photo: 75. Fallow deer, Dama dama, male. Photo: Geoffrey Kinns.
Hirmer ©British Museum (Natural History) London
48. Detail of LM lb jug from Phaistos showing reeds and 76. Agate lentoid sealstone, Megalo Kastelli, Thebes. Thebes
'river'. Herakleion, Archaeological Museum. Photo: Museum. Impression. CMS V (II), no. 665. Photo: CMS
Hirmer 77. Gold cut-out of deer on a palm, from Shaft Grave III,
49. Gold cup from Dendra with repousse decoration, LH II. Mycenae. Athens, National Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens
Athens, National Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens 78. A deer, fragment of a wall painting from Pylos. Chora
50. Painted stucco table of offerings, Room 4a of the West Museum. Mabel L. Lang, The Palace ofN estor at Pylos in
House, Akrotiri. Photo: Archaeological Society of Athens Western Messina, Vol. II: The Frescoes. Copyright©
51. Cat: detail from The Landscape (East Wall) 1969 by Princeton University Press. Plate 45 (4 C 19)
52. Head of the cat: detail from The Landscape reprinted with permission of Princeton University Press
53. Serval, Pelis serval. Photo: New York Zoological Society 79. An animal (deer?), fragment of the Hunt Fresco from
54. Detail of the Cat and Bird painting from Room 14, Ayia Tiryns, Second Palace. Athens, National Museum. Photo:
Triada. Herakleion, Archaeological Museum Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Athens.
5 5. Lion: detail from the Departure Area (South Wall) 80. Aurochs, Bos primigenius. From Walker 1975, 1426A
5 6. Lion Motif on the hull of Ship 2: detail of The Ship Pro 81. Calf led by men: detail from the Arrival Area (South Wall)
cession (South Wall) 82. Sheep and goats: detail from the Pastoral Scene (North
57. Lion, Panthera leo. Photo: Natural History Photographic Wall)
Agency 83. Mouflon sheep, Ovis musimon. Photo: Natural History
58. Gold inlays of hunting lions, palms and a cat, from Shaft Photographic Agency
Grave III, Mycenae. Athens, National Museum. Photo: 84. Agrimi (Cretan wild goat), Capra aegagrus cretensis.
TAP, Athens Photo: The Zoological Society of London
59. Gold plaque from a wooden box, from Shaft Grave V, 85. Goat walking. From Muybridge 1957, pl. 100, phase 1.
Mycenae. Athens, National Museum. Photo: Hirmer Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge
60. Griffin: detail from The Landscape (East Wall) University Library
61. Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus. Photo: The Zoological 86. The Antelopes painting, Bl, Akrotiri. Athens, National
Society of London Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens
62. Pectoral from the Tomb of Meret, Dashur, reign of 87. Dolphins: detail of The Ship Procession (South Wall)
Sesostris III, c. 1800. Cairo, Egyptian Museum. Photo: 88. Dolphins: detail of The Ship Procession
Museum 89. Common dolphin, Delphinus de/phis. Photo: The
63. Ceremonial axe-blade, Thebes, Ahmose I (1570-1545). Zoological Society of London
Cairo, Egyptian Museum. Photo: Museum 90. Dolphins as prow motif: detail of The Ship Procession
64. MC III sherd, from Phylakopi, Melos. Athens, National 91. Flying goose: detail of The Landscape (East Wall)
Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens 92. Preening goose: detail of The Landscape
65. Gold cut-out of a griffin, from Shaft Grave III, Mycenae. 93. Greylag goose, Anser anser. From Heinzel et al. 1977, 47
Athens, National Museum. Photo: TAP Athens 94. Bird motif on the hull of the Sailing Ship: detail from The
66. Ivory plaque from the Artemision, Delos. Athens, Ship Procession (South Wall)
National Museum. Photo: Ecole Fran~aise d' Archeologie, 95. Rock dove, Coiumba Livia. From Heinzel et al. 1977, 171
Athens 96. Bird as prow motif: detail of The Ship Procession (South
67. Ivory pyxis and lid, Athens Agora, LH Illa, c. 1400. Wall)
Athens, Agora Museum. Photo: American School of 97. Pastoral building: detail from the Pastoral Settlement
Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations (North Wall)
List of plates
Xl
98. Drawing of the buildings of the Pastoral/Coastal Settle Meeting on the Hill (North Wall)
ment of the North Wall. Nos. 1-3 126. Helmsman and man with arm gesture: detail from Ship 1
99. Outlying buildings: detail of the Departure Town (South in The Ship Procession (South Wall)
Wall) 127. Man in white robe: detail from The Meeting on the Hill
100. Drawing of the outlying buildings of the Departure Town, (North Wall)
Nos. 4-10 128. Two robed passengers: detail from The Ship Procession
101. Buildings of the Arrival Harbour (South Wall) (South Wall)
102. Drawing of the buildings of the Arrival Harbour. Nos. 129. Robed man holding stick: detail from The Meeting on the
30-3 Hill (North Wall)
103. The Departure Town (South Wall) 130. Three robed men: detail from the Pastoral Settlement
104. Drawing of the buildings of the Departure Town, Nos. facing The Meeting on the Hi11 (North Wall)
11-29 131. Greek shepherd wearing a goats'-hair cape. Photo: Harold
105. The Arrival Town (South Wall) Koster
106. Drawing of the buildings of the Arrival Town. Nos. 34-46 132. Robed man with stick: detail from the Pastoral Settlement
107. The Departure Town, detail (North Wall)
108. The gateway: detail of the Arrival Town 133. Two men in hairy capes: detail from the Departure Town
109. The fac;:ade of the West House, Akrotiri (South Wall)
110. The fac;:ade of Xeste 2, Akrotiri 134. Two men in hairy capes: detail from the Arrival Town
111. Clay house model from Archanes, MM IIIa. Herakleion, (South Wall)
Archaeological Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens 135. Running, gesturing men: detail from the Arrival Harbour
112. Ivory house fac;:ade, Royal Road, Knossos (LM Illa con (South Wall)
text). Herakleion, Archaeological Museum. Photo: 136. Two fishermen: detail from the Arrival Harbour
G. Xylouris 137. Line of men by town wall (left side): detail from the
113. Stone carved with house fac;:ade, Vyzakia near Hala Sultan Arrival Town (South Wall)
Tekke, Late Cypriote Illa. Nicosia, Archaeological 138. Line of men by town wall (right side): detail from the
Museum. Photo: Museum Arrival Town
114. Clay model of a shrine, Loom Weight Basement, Knossos, 139. Drowning men and shield: detail from The Shipwreck
MM IIb. Herakleion, Archaeological Museum. Photo: (North Wall)
G. Xylouris 140. Two women: detail from the Pastoral Settlement (North
115. Gold plate fac;:ade of a shrine, Volos, LH Illa. Athens, Wall)
National Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens 141. 'Naturalistic' clay figurine, Ayia Irini, Kea. Ioulis
116. A building with horns of consecration. Fragment of a wall Museum. Photo: University of Cincinnati
painting from Pylos. Chora Museum. Mabel L. Lang, The 142. Woman: detail from the Arrival Town (South Wall)
Palace ofN estor atPylos in Western Messina, Vol. II: The 143. Woman: detail from the Arrival Town (South Wall)
Frescoes. Copyright© 1969 by Princeton University 144. Warriors: detail from the North Wall
Press. Plate 78 (8 A 3) reprinted with permission of 145. Warrior and building: detail from the North Wall
Princeton University Press 146. Amethyst cushion-shaped sealstone, Gouvalari, Pylos.
117. Two-dimensional projected drawing of the Sanctuary Pylos Museum. Impression. CMS V (II), no. 643. Photo:
Rhyton from Zakros, chlorite, MM IIIb-LM I. CMS
Herakleion,ArchaeologicalMuseum. AJA 82 (1978) 434 147. Gold rectangular seal, Shaft Grave III, Mycenae. Athens,
fig. 7. Reproduced by courtesy of Professor N. Platon, and National Museum. Impression. CMS I, no. 11. Photo:
by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University CMS
Library 148. TheBattlein the Glen gold ring, Shaft Grave IV, Mycenae.
118. Men and woman on rooftops: detail of the Departure Athens, National Museum. CMS I, no. 16. Photo: CMS
Town (South Wall) 149. Chalcedony lentoid sealstone. New York, Metropolitan
119. Fragment from the Siege Rhyton from Shaft Grave IV, Museum. Impression. CMS XII, no. 292. Photo: CMS
Mycenae. Athens, National Museum. Photo: 150. Cornelian lentoid sealstone, Crete. London, British
A. Sakellariou Museum. Impression. CMS VII, no. 129. Photo: CMS
120. Women on balconies before horns of consecration: detail 151. Fragment of a faience pot, from Shaft Grave III, Mycenae.
from the Arrival Town (South Wall) Athens, National Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens
121. Horns of consecration on the town wall: detail from the 152. Faience fragment, House of the Shields, Mycenae.
Arrival Town (South Wall) Nauplion Museum. Drawings by Piet de Jong. Photo:
122. The summit of The Meeting on the Hill (North Wall) Courtesy of the British School at Athens
123. Two men in white robes: detail from The Meeting on the 153. Fragment of a white marble slab incised with warrior,
Hill (North Wall) Kea. LB I-II(?). Ioulis Museum. Photo: University of
124. Jasper elongated amygdaloid sealstone, Knossos. Oxford, Cincinnati
Ashmolean Museum. Photo: Museum 154. Ivory helmet model, Knossos, LM II. Herakleion,
125. Two men in loin-cloths with arm gesture: detail from The Archaeological Museum. Photo: TAP, Athens
Xll List of plates
155. Two warriors, fragment of a wall painting from Pylos. Archaeological Society of Athens
Chora Museum. Mabel L. Lang, The Palace of Nestor at 180. The Priestess panel, Room 4, the West House. Photo:
Pylos in Western Messina, Vol. II: The Frescoes. Copy Archaeological Society of Athens
right© 1969 by Princeton University Press. Plate 24 181. Cat and bird: detail from The Landscape (East Wall)
(32 H sw) reprinted with permission of Princeton Univer 182. Fragments of the Cat and Bird painting from Room 14,
sity Press Ayia Triada. Herakleion, Archaeological Museum
156. A female(?) warrior at a window, fragment of a wall 183. Deer and plants from the Cat and Bird painting from
painting from Thebes. Thebes, Archaeological Museum. Room 14, Ayia Triada. Herakleion, Archaeological
Photo: Museum Museum
157. A female warrior with griffin. Fragment of a wall painting 184. Cat and bird fresco fragments from Knossos. Herakleion,
from the Cult Centre at Mycenae. Nauplion Museum. Archaeological Museum. From Evans, PM I, 540, fig.
Photo: TAP, Athens 392AB
15 8. Two warriors, fragment of a wall painting from 185. Inlaid dagger blade (both sides), from Shaft Grave V,
Orchomenos. Athens Annals of Archaeology 7 (1974) Mycenae. Athens, Archaeological Museum. From Smith
colour plate 2. Reproduced by permission of the Syndics 1965b, fig. 105a
of Cambridge University Library 186. Ivory comb from Rutsi, near Pylos. Athens, National
159. The rowed boat: detail from The Ship Procession (South Museum. Photo: Hirmer
Wall) 187. Fowling scene, wall painting from the Tomb ofNebamun,
160. The paddled boat: detail from The Ship Procession Thebes, 18th dynasty, c. 1450. London, British Museum.
161. Fore passengers on Ship 1: detail from the Ship Procession Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees
162. 6th dynasty Egyptian model of a cargo boat. Cairo, 18 8. Scenes of fowling and food preparation from the Tomb of
Egyptian Museum. Photo: Museum Nakht, Thebes, 15th c. From Davies 1917, pl. 22
163. Ivory three-sided sealstone, Platanos, tholos B, MM I-II. 189. Scenes of Pastoralism, Shipwreck and Warriors: detail
Herakleion Museum. Impression. CMS II (I), 287. Photo: from the North Wall
CMS 190. Faience plaques from the Town Mosaic, Knossos, MM
164. Clay model of a boat from Amathous, Cyprus, 9th-8th c. Illa. After Evans, PM I, fig. 228 (rearranged)
London, British Museum. Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees 191. Drawing of the upper fragment of the silver Siege Rhyton,
165. Incised stone from Hyria, Boetia, c. 1500? Schimatari from Shaft Grave IV, Mycenae. Athens, Archaeological
Museum. Photo: Alison Frantz Museum. From Smith 1965b, fig. 86a
166. The mast and rig of a ship, fragment of a wall painting 192. Drawing of the lower fragments of the Siege Rhyton.
from Pylos. Chora Museum. Mabel L. Lang, The Palace of Athens, National Archaeological Museum. From Karo
Nestor at Pylos in Western Messina, Vol. II: The Frescoes. 1930, 176,fig.85
Copyright© 1969 by Princeton University Press. Plate 193. Drawing of the upper fragment of a stone vessel from
113 (19 M ne) reprinted with permission of Princeton Epidauros. Nauplion Museum. From Sakellariou 1971.
University Press Drawing by K. Iliakis
167. Star motif (from a ship's hull?), fragment of a wall paint 194. Lower fragment of the stone vessel from Epidauros.
ing from Pylos. Chora Museum. Mabel L. Lang, The Nauplion Museum. Ergon 1975, 106, fig. 102 (inverted).
Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western Messina, Vol. II: Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge
The Frescoes. Copyright© 1969 by Princeton University University Library
Press. Plate 89 (18 F nw) reprinted with permission of 195. Knife handle from Gebel-el-Arak. Paris, Louvre. Photo:
Princeton University Press Chuzeville
168. Butterfly and star, prow emblems of Ship 2: detail from 196. Fragment of a Greek Geometric krater. Athens, National
The Ship Procession (South Wall) Museum. Photo: Deutsches Archaologisches Institut
169. Star and lion motifs on the hull of Ship 2 (South Wall) 197. Detail of a wall painting from the Tomb of Rekhmire,
170. Butterfly and star, prow emblems of Ship 1 (South Wall) Thebes; registers of foreigners bringing goods to the
171. Butterflies, mast-top emblem of Ship 2 (South Wall) vizier. Regions of Tuthmosis III-Amenophis II,
172. Star and other prow emblem of Ship 7 (South Wall) c. 1470-1440
173. The stern of Ship 1 (South Wall) 198. Fisherman panel, south corner of the West Wall, Room5,
174. The stern of Ship 2 (South Wall) the West House. Photo: Archaeological Society of Athens
175. The stern of Ship 3 (South Wall) 199. Fisherman panel, east corner of the North Wall, Room 5,
176. The stern of Ship 4 (South Wall) the West House, Photo: Archaeological Society of Athens
177. The stern of Ship 5 (South Wall) 200. Drawing of the Lilies painting from the north jamb of the
178. Two of the Stern Cabin panels from Room 4 of the West window, Room 4, the West House. Reproduced by
House. Photo: Archaeological Society of Athens courtesy of the Archaeological Society of Athens
179. Stern Cabin panel, Room 4, the West House. Photo: