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The Mind's Machine
Companion Website is a powerfu l
companion to the textbook that wi ll help you learn the material
p resented in the textbook through a variety of st udy tools and
multimedia resources. The website is tightly integrated with the text,
with in-text Web links that take you directly to specific on line resources.
(See more at right.) Complex concepts and systems are made more
accessible through the use of animations, videos, and activities.
Animations Activities
The Structure of the Eye
Axon terminal
present complex help you learn
Mitochondrion
concepts in a and review
• •
• • • '."'-..... Cal+
• •
i• ons clear, easy-to key structures
Pupil
follow narrative, and important
using a visual processes.
style that closely
matches the
textbook's
Receptors Postsynaptic cell
Co«ect. The lens ls a struaure in the eye that helps f0<m an lmaoe on the retini. The 5hape or the
figures. le:ns ls controOt<J by the dllary musdes Inside th.~ eye.
Chapter 13 Visual Summary
Votiable
delay
Nondeclarative memory, which includes skill learning, priming, and
conditioning, Is demonstrated through performance. In nonhuman animals,
most tests of memory measure nondeclaratlve memory, an exception being the
delayed non·matching·to·sample task in monkeys. Review figure 13.3,
f igure 13.4, figure 13.5, Figure 13.6, Activity 13.2
'
Previous 4 of 1 O Next
Visual Summaries
On line versions of the
provide a thorough review of each chapter Brain Explorer
The offers an interactive
and include links to f igures, an imations,
way to explore the bra in anatomy
videos, and activities .
discussed in each chapter, in both surface
and sectional views.
312 CHAPTER 10
A narrolepric dog that suffe~ c-at,aplexy
• when excited is offered a food tte.at. ..
FIGURE 10.21 Canine Narcolepsy
{Courtesy of Seiji Nishino.)
-------
Media Links ~ ;· .;·:.:·.:.·:-:_-:-------------------.. ---------- ·-----.... .. -.. -....... -
. .. .. ... . .
.
Using your smartphone
To see the video
Narcoleptic Dachshund,
or computer, type in go to
3e.mindsmachine.com/av10.6
•
•
the easy Web lin ks that •
. •
To see the video
•
•
.
.
appear throughout the Narcoleptic Dachshund, •
•
. •
go to . • •
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textbook to instantly . •
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3e.mindsmachine.com/a v10.6 . •
•
•
. Several strains of dogs exhibit narcolepsy (Aldrich, 1993), complete with sudden
access animations,
• collapse and very rapid sleep onset (FIGURE 10.21). Just like humans who suffer from
,'
narcolepsy, these dogs often show REM signs immediately upon fulling asleep. Abrupt
.·
collapse in these dogs is suppressed by the same drugs (discussed shortly) that are
videos, activities, and .-·
.· · used to treat human cataplexy.
.·
finding the mutant gene responsible for narcoleptic dogs revealed a hypothalamic
..
system that is responsible for narcolepsy in people too. This was the gene for a neu ...
visua l summaries on the ... -··
-----=··· ropeptide called orexin (also known as /1ypocreti11; see Chapter 9) (L. Lin et al., 1999).
... -··
Mice with the orexiu gene knocked out also display narcolepsy (Chemelli et al., 1999).
Genetically normal rats can be made narcoleptic if injected \'lith a toxin that destroys
Companion Website.
neurons possessing orexin receptors (Gerashchenko et al., 2001). The narcoleptic dogs
start losing orexin neurons at about the age when symptoms of narcolepsy appear
(Siegel, Nienhuis et al., 1999).
Similarly, humans with narcolepsy have lost about 90% of their orexin neurons
(FIGURE 10.22) (Thannickal et al., 2000). This degeneration of orexin neurons seems
to cause inappropriate activation of the cataplexy pathway that normally happens only
during REM sleep. So, orexin normally keeps sleep at bay and prevents the transition
from wakefulness directly into REM sleep.
Video 2.1: Inside the Brain
The neurons thal produce orexin are found almost exclusively in the hypothala·
mus. Where do these neurons send their axons to release the orexin? Not socoinci ..
dentally, the axons go to each of the three brain centers that we mentioned before:
basal forebrain, reticular fonnation, and locus coeruleus (Sutcliffe and de Lecea, 2002).
The orexin neurons also project axons to the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nude·
us-the same structure that is inhibited by the basal forebrain to induce S\NS. So, it
looks as if the hypothalamus contains an orexin·based "'switching station"' l'it.--e Figure
10.19) thal switches the brain between states, from wakefulness to non~REM sleep to
REM sleep (Saper et al., 2010). This system normally triggers paralysis only during
REM, so loss of the system in narcolepsy leads to paralysis while awake (cataplexy).
The traditional treatment for naroolepsy was the use of amphetamines in the day·
time. The drug GHB (gamma·hydroxybutyrate, trade name Xyrem) helps some narco
orexin AJso ca.Ued hypocretin. A neuto leptics (although there are concerns about potential abuse of this drug [Tuller, 2002[).
peptide produced in the hypothalamus
A newer drug. modafiniJ (Provigil}, is sometimes effective for preventing narcolep
Lhat is involved in switching between
sleep states, in narco!epsy. and in the tic attacks and has been proposed as an "alertness drug"' for people with attention
control of appeti~. deficit hyperactivity disorder. There is also debate about whether modafinil should be
Videos
present real-world examples of
some of the key concepts and conditions
discussed in the textbook.
.
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY NewsLink _,,_
3e.mindsmachine.com/news
O,apt,er S. The SeJaorlmotor Sys.l.< !:m
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C O M P A N I O N WEBSITE Resources
(3e.mindsmachine.com)
The Mind's Machine Companion Website includes animations, videos, and activities for each chapter (listed below) as well
as an interactive version of each chapter's visual summary. All three media categories are referenced throughout the book with the
"eye" icon and direct Web addresses, on the textbook pages listed below. They are also referenced in each chapter's summary.
Animations & Videos
1.1 Nature and Nurture, p. 3 9.1 Regaining the Weight, p. 263 2.4 Concept Matching: Sympathetic vs.
Parasympathetic,p.36
1.2 Brain Explorer, p. 4 9.2 Brain Explorer, p. 264
2.5 Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain:
2.1 Inside the Brain, p. 23 9.3 Negative Feedback, p. 265
Lateral View, p. 39
2.2 Brain Explorer, p. 24 9.4 Thermoregulation in Humans, p. 266
2.6 The Developing Brain, p. 41
2.3 Brain Development, p. 41 9.5 Anorexia, p. 283
2.7 The Basal Ganglia, p. 43
2.4 VISualizing the Living Human Brain, p. 48 10.1 Narcolepsy, p. 289
2.8 The Limbic System, p. 43
3.1 Electrical Stimulation of the Brain, p. 55 10.2 Brain Explorer, p. 290
2.9 Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain:
Midsaggital View, p. 44
3.2 Brain Explorer, p. 56 10.3 Biological Rhythms, p. 291
2.10 Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain:
3.3 The Resting Membrane Potential, p. 59 10.4 A Molecular Clock, p. 295
Basal View, p. 44
3.4 The Action Potential, p. 61 10.5 Animal Sleep Activity, p. 310
2.11 The Cerebral Ventricles, p. 46
3.5 Action Potential Propagation, p. 63 10.6 Narcoleptic Dachshund, p. 312
3.1 Distribution of Ions, p. 57
3.6 Spatial Summation, p. 68 10.7 REM Behavior Disorder, p. 314
4.1 Families of Transmitters, p. 91
3.7 Synaptic Transmission, p. 70 11.1 TheCaseofS.M.,p.319
5.1 Receptors in Skin, p. 122
4.1 Synaptic Transmission, p. 83 11.2 Brain Explorer, p. 320
5.2 Ascending Pain Pathways in the CNS,
4.2 Brain Explorer, p. 84 11.3 Stress, p. 342 p.133
4.3 Neurotransmitter Pathways, p. 89 12.1 Lobotomy, p. 347 5.3 Subcortical Systems Involved in
Movement, p. 148
4.4 Agonists and Antagonists, p. 93 12.2 Brain Explorer, p. 348
6.1 Organ of Corti, p. 159
5.1 Sensory Systems, p. 119 12.3 Tardive Dyskinesia, p. 357
6.2 Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells,
5.2 Brain Explorer, p. 120 13.1 Memory, p. 379
p.173
5.3 Somatosensory Receptive Fields, p. 124 13.2 Brain Explorer, p. 380
7.1 The Structure of the Eye, p. 184
5.4 The Stretch Reflex Circuit, p. 142 13.3 AMPAand NMDAReceptors, p. 399
8.1 Major Endocrine Glands, p. 218
6.1 Inside the Ear, p. 153 13.4 Morris Water Maze, p. 401
9 .1 An Appetite Controller in the
Hypothalamus, p. 279
6.2 Brain Explorer, p. 154 13.5 Stages of Neuronal Development, p. 404
10.1 Stages of Sleep, p. 298
6.3 Sound Transduction, p. 158 13.6 Migration of a Neuron along a Radial
Glial Cell, p. 406 10.2 Sleep Mechanisms, p. 310
6.4 Mapping Auditory Frequencies, p. 161
14.1 Attention and Perception, p. 419 11.1 Conditioned Fear Response, p. 331
6.5 The Vestibular System, p. 170
14.2 Brain Explorer, p. 420 11.2 The Stress Response and Consequences
6.6 The Human Olfactory System, p. 176
of Prolonged Stress, p. 342
14.3 Inattentional Blindness, p. 421
7.1 Object Recognition, p. 183
12.1 Concept Matching: Psychopathology,
14.4 From Input to Output, p. 425
7.2 Brain Explorer, p. 184 p.375
14.5 Reconstructing Brain Activity, p. 440
13.1 The "Tower of Hanoi" Problem, p. 386
7 .3 Visual Pathways in the Human Brain,
p. 192 15.1 Global Aphasia, p. 451
13.2 Learning and Memory, p. 388
7.4 Receptive Fields in the Retina, p. 196 15.2 Brain Explorer, p. 452
13.3 Development of the Nervous System,
p.403
7.5 Spatial Frequencies, p. 200 15.3 Split-Brain Research, p. 453
14.1 Subcortical Sites Implicated in Visual
8.1 Gender, p. 217 15.4 Face Blindness, p. 458
Attention, p. 433
8.2 Brain Explorer, p. 218 A.1 Gel Electrophoresis, p. A-2
14.2 Cortical Regions Implicated in the
8.3 Chemical Communication Systems, p. 220
Top-Level Control of Attention, p. 434
• • •
Act1vit1es
8.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action, p. 222
15.1 Speech and Language Areas, p. 461
2.1 Major Components and Classification
8.5 The Hypothalamus and Endocrine 15.2 The Connectionist Model of Aphasia,
of Neurons, p. 27
Function, p. 228 p.464
2.2 The Cranial Nerves, p. 34
8.6 Organizational Effects of Testosterone, 15.3 Song Control Nuclei of the Songbird
p.249 2.3 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord, p. 35 Brain, p. 475
The Mind's Machine
Foundations of Brain and Behavior
TH I RD EDITION
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The Mind's Machine: Foundations of Brain and Behavior, Third Edition
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Bruno Mallart is one of the most talented
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Address editorial correspondence to:
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first worked for several children's book
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both neurobiologists. He uses the brain
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as a symbol for abstract concepts such
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Names: Watson, NeilV. (Neil Verne), 1962- author. Breedlove, S. Marc,
as intelligence, thinking, feeling, ideas,
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and knowledge. Attracted to all that is
Title: The mind's machine : foundations of brain and behavior I Neil V.
mechanical, Mallart's art frequently includes
Watson (Simon Fraser University), S. Marc Breedlove (Michigan State
machine parts such as gears and wheels that
University).
imply moven1ent and rhythm. These features
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Description: Third edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates,
together, in their abstract representation,
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Inc., [2019] Includes bibliographical references and index.
beautifully illustrate the topics discussed in
Identifiers: LCCN 2018032509 I ISBN 9781605357300 (paperback)
The Mind's Machine, Third Edition. To see
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Subjects: LCSH: Brain--Textbooks. Brain--Physiology--Textbooks. Human
more of Bruno Mallart's art, please go to his
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behavior--Physiological aspects--Textbooks. Psychobiology--Textbooks.
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Printed in the United States of America
N.V. W. S.M. B.
For my friend Marc, who has made For my rabbi,
possible many wonderful things in my life, Iroing Zucker
including this book.
•
r 1 e
1 •
An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 2
2 •
Cells and Structures 22
The Anatomy of the Nervous System
3 •
Neurophysiology
The Generation, Transmission,
54
and Integration of Neural Signals
4 •
The Chemistry of Behavior
Neurotransmitters
82
and N europharmacology
5 •
The Sensorimotor System 118
6 •
Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell 152
7 •
Vision 182
From Eye to Brain
8 •
Hormones and Sex 216
9 •
Homeostasis 262
Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
10 •
Biological Rhythms and Sleep 288
11 •
Emotions, Aggression, and Stress 318
12 •
Psychopathology 346
The Biology of Behavioral Disorders
13 •
Memory, Learning, and Development 378
14 •
Attention and Higher Cognition 418
15 •
Language and Lateralization 450
