Table Of Content
The Military and Domestic Politics
By creatively applying concordance theory to five unique settings, Rebecca
Schiff has made an invaluable contribution to civil–military studies. This is a
most timely reference for social scientists, military leaders, and concerned
citizens.
The late Charles C. Moskos
Professor Emeritus of Sociology
Northwestern University
Rebecca Schiff’s work on concordance theory brings an important perspective to
the study of civil–military relations. Her sophisticated and well written analysis
deserves a wide audience of military professionals, academicians, and interested
civilians. It is highly recommended for graduate and advanced undergraduate
classes in national security policy and military professionalism.
John Allen Williams
Professor of Political Science, Loyola University Chicago
Chair and President, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society
The intervention of the military in national politics and the everyday lives of
citizens is a key issue in civil–military relations. This book explains how con-
cordance theory can provide a model for predicting such domestic intervention.
Models dealing with the relationship between the military and society are
usually based on Western nations with power and influence, and therefore may
not be appropriate for the circumstances of non-Western countries. By contrast,
concordance theory considers national contexts where the balance of military
involvement in civilian life depends greatly on historical circumstances, institu-
tional nuances, and cultural realities. Using five case studies – India, Pakistan,
Israel, Argentina, and post-revolutionary United States – this book challenges
traditional views on the role of the military in society and offers convincing
examples for the continued application of concordance theory. It also explores
the evolution of the theory from the field of military studies to one of “corporate
concordance.”
This book will be of much interest to advanced students of civil–military
relations, military sociology, political science, and US politics.
Rebecca L. Schiffis currently the Associate Director of Corporate and Founda-
tion Relations at Harvard Law School. She is also an adjunct professor at the
U.S. Naval War College inNewport,Rhode Island. She has a Ph.D. in Political
Science from the University of Chicago.
Cass military studies
Intelligence Activities in Ancient Leaders in War
Rome West Point Remembers the 1991
Trust in the gods, but verify Gulf War
Rose Mary Sheldon Edited by Frederick Kagan and
Christian Kubik
Clausewitz and African War
Politics and strategy in Liberia Khedive Ismail’s Army
and Somalia John Dunn
Isabelle Duyvesteyn
Yugoslav Military Industry
Strategy and Politics in the 1918–1991
Middle East, 1954–60 Amadeo Watkins
Defending the northern tier
Michael Cohen Corporal Hitler and the Great War
1914–1918
The Cuban Intervention in Angola, The list regiment
1965–1991 John Williams
From Che Guevara to Cuito
Cuanavale Rostóv in the Russian Civil War,
Edward George 1917–1920
The key to victory
Military Leadership in the British Brian Murphy
Civil Wars, 1642–1651
‘The genius of this age’ The Tet Effect, Intelligence and the
Stanley Carpenter Public Perception of War
Jake Blood
Israel’s Reprisal Policy, 1953–1956
The dynamics of military retaliation The US Military Profession into the
Ze’ev Drory 21st Century
War, peace and politics
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Edited by Sam C. Sarkesian and
Second World War Robert E. Connor, Jr.
Enver Redzic
Civil–Military Relations in Europe Cultural Diversity in the Armed
Learning from crisis and institutional Forces
change An international comparison
Edited by Hans Born, Edited by Joseph Soeters and
Marina Caparini, Karl Haltiner and Jan van der Meulen
Jürgen Kuhlmann
Railways and the Russo-Japanese
Strategic Culture and Ways of War War
Lawrence Sondhaus Transporting war
Felix Patrikeeff and Harold Shukman
Military Unionism in the Post-Cold
War Era War and Media Operations
A future reality? The US military and the press from
Edited by Richard Bartle and Vietnam to Iraq
Lindy Heinecken Thomas Rid
Warriors and Politicians Ancient China on Postmodern War
U.S. civil–military relations under Enduring ideas from the Chinese
stress strategic tradition
Charles A. Stevenson Thomas Kane
Military Honour and the Conduct Special Forces, Terrorism and
of War Strategy
From Ancient Greece to Iraq Warfare by other means
Paul Robinson Alasdair Finlan
Military Industry and Regional Imperial Defence, 1856–1956
Defense Policy The old world order
India, Iraq and Israel Greg Kennedy
Timothy D. Hoyt
Civil–Military Cooperation in
Managing Defence in a Democracy Post-Conflict Operations
Edited by Laura R. Cleary and Emerging theory and practice
Teri McConville Christopher Ankersen
Gender and the Military Military Advising and Assistance
Women in the armed forces of western From mercenaries to privatization,
democracies 1815–2007
Helena Carreiras Donald Stoker
Social Sciences and the Military
An interdisciplinary overview
Edited by Giuseppe Caforio
Private Military and Security The Military and Domestic Politics
Companies A concordance theory of
Ethics, policies and civil–military civil–military relations
relations Rebecca L. Schiff
Edited by Andrew Alexandra,
Deane-Peter Baker and
Marina Caparini
Military Cooperation in
Multinational Peace Operations
Managing cultural diversity and crisis
response
Edited by Joseph Soeters and
Philippe Manigart
The Military and Domestic
Politics
A concordance theory of
civil–military relations
Rebecca L. Schiff
First published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2009 Rebecca L. Schiff
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The military and domestic politics : a concordance theory of civil-military
relations / Rebecca L. Schiff.
p. cm. – (Cass military studies)
“Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge.”
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Civil-military relations. 2. Civil-military relations–Case studies. I. Title.
JF195.S26 2008
322'.501–dc22 2008007522
ISBN 0-203-89230-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-77340-7 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-89230-5 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-77340-9 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-89230-5 (ebk)
Contents
Acknowledgments viii
1 Introduction 1
2 Domestic military intervention and civil–military relations 18
3 Concordance theory 32
4 Post-revolutionary United States (1790–1800) 49
5 Concordance in India and discordance in Pakistan 64
6 Argentina’s Perón period (1946–55) 91
7 Israel: concordance in the “uncivil” state 109
8 Concordance and culture: from the military–industrial
complex to corporate philanthropy 126
9 Conclusion 150
References 161
Index 168
Acknowledgments
This book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Elias Schiff, and to my
mother, Gloria Schiff. My parents were both immigrants who came to the
United States and worked very hard to provide a warm and supportive family
environment. My father’s Eastern European heritage and my mother’s Hispanic
origins created a unique combination of wisdom, cultural awareness, and moti-
vation to inspire me to never give up or settle for anything but the best. My per-
sistence in writing this book, at the right time, during my professional and
personal odyssey is a testament to their creativity, sensitivity, and trust in my
pursuits. In addition to my academic work, I have spent many years in philan-
thropy, including corporate philanthropy, individual major gifts, and raising
scholarship funds for students to study and pursue their dreams. My parents
simply assumed I would have dreams, and they never questioned their active
support in helping me make them come true. My father, whom I lost while com-
pleting my doctorate at the University of Chicago, is sorely missed. He was an
extraordinary father whose insight and advice for the first 25 years of my life
gave me the confidence and the freedom to embrace challenge and opportunity.
My mother continues to provide moral support and constant encouragement. I
am grateful to both of my parents for their kindness, generosity, and uncondi-
tional love.
I would also like to thank colleagues and friends who watched the layers of
this project unfold over the years and provided valuable guidance, advice, and
important experiences along the way. My interdisciplinary dissertation commit-
tee at the University of Chicago encouraged the development of concordance
theory: Susanne Rudolph, Marvin Zonis, Moshe Lissak, and John Mearsheimer.
I particularly thank Moshe Lissak from the Hebrew University for taking me on
as his student during my dissertation fieldwork and post-doctoral year in
Jerusalem; he also graciously agreed to serve on my dissertation committee. His
expertise in sociology and Israeli and Jewish history were pivotal in applying
concordance theory to the original Israeli case study. Susanne and Lloyd
Rudolph introduced me to the importance of cultural studies in political science
and its profound impact on India and Pakistan.
Randy Billings from Harvard University provided me with the opportunity to
learn the development profession from world-class fundraising professionals.
Acknowledgments ix
Randy is a wonderful mentor and role model, and I thank him for his support
and wisdom.
As the Director of Alumni Giving at the Harvard School of Public Health, I
learned how philanthropy truly affects the lives and generations of individuals
and entire populations. My early Harvard development career had a profound
impact on my work in civil–military relations. I learned that academic and theo-
retical training were simply not enough to gain the institutional and cultural
perspective that is required for an uncommon understanding of this field. My pro-
fessional development experience deepened my appreciation of academic theory
and its benefits to the world. Development and philanthropy enhance and borrow
from the social sciences by embracing skills found in fields such as anthropology
and sociology. My years of building relationships with Harvard alumni and
scholars, connecting their individual interests to far-reaching domestic and global
enterprises, have enriched my perspective on civil–military relations. An effect-
ive fundraiser simply cannot think dichotomously – too many life-altering inter-
ests are at stake and must be stewarded with the utmost care and sophistication.
Development became the professional linchpin in deepening my political science
expertise and helped me to understand the broader global relationships and subtle
connections between the military, the political elites, and the citizens.
I thank Nancy Winship, Robert Silk, and Marty Krauss at Brandeis Univer-
sity for providing me with a unique professional opportunity in Corporate and
Foundation Relations. This development experience, in particular, had a strong
influence on Chapter 8 which offers my perspective on the military–industrial
complex as it relates to corporate philanthropy.
I thank Betty Smith for my very first development position in higher educa-
tion at the University of Michigan and her amazing encouragement throughout
the years. She has been a wonderful and important source of moral support
throughout much of this odyssey.
I am also indebted to the following role models, colleagues, friends, and
organizations: John Allen Williams, Robert Vitas, the late Charles C. Moskos,
Stephen P. Cohen, James Burk, David Mares, Patricia Shields, Gabi Scheffer,
Richard S. Wells, Oren Barak, Anit Mukherjee, Dafna Shaked, Alex Roland,
Ronald Krebs, David Woodruff, Bryan Rogers, Patty Shea, Margaret Loret,
Anne Hubbard, Nadine Lambert, Julie Brown, Margaret Trevor, Catherine
D’Amato, Barbara Ackley, Sarita Bhalotra, Robert “Uncle Bob” Myers, Sandra
Myers, Karin Kiewra, Ricky Fine, Jane Jaquette, Megan Casey, Kathryn Graves,
Colleen Capodilupo, Richard Jacobson, Marie Gaines, Lisa Ginex, Becky
Robert, Kelly Wesley, Emily Giske, Bayla Spiegel, Julie O’Brien, Richard
Babson, Allison Sulke, Andrew Humphries, Colleen Sexton, Michelle Miles,
Nancy Davis, Lynne Sherr, Megan Tabor, Elizabeth Birch, Hilary Rosen,
Patrick Guerriero, and my girlfriend Chantal Birdsong.
I thank the United States Army for their role in my concluding chapter,
particularly Captain Dana C. Rood, First Sergeant Antonio Correa, and Sergeant
First Class Justine M. Beaulieu.
Special thanks to Sarah Seewoester.
