Table Of Content•
--
THE
MIDDLE
PLATONISTS
80 D.c. to A.D. 220
Revised edition with a new afterword
JOHN DILLON
Cornell University Press
Ithaca, New York
Contents
xiii
ABBREVIATIONS xvii
C I9n.I996~·JohnDillon
Fint published 1977 by Cornell Univeniry Press t. T HE OLD ACADEMY .",ND THE TUEMES OF MIDDLE
Cornell Plperb~ek~ edition. with rcvision~ PLATO::-lISM
and a new afterword. published 1996_ A. Plaw: The Unwritten Doctrines
B. SpeuSippU5 (c. 4<>7-))9 II.C.): "
All righn reserved. beept for brief
quotations in 1 revicw, this book. or pam I. Life and Works "
thereof, mu~t not be reproduced in any fonn 2. Philosophy "
without permission in "TIling from the publisher. (a) Firsl Principles "
For infomution addreU Ccrncil UniH:nily Pres'. (b) Ethics
Sage Hou~e. 312 Ea~t S~te Street. i(h3ca. New York 14830 (c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge "
'9
Ubnry ofCongrus Cuaioging_m_Publio:ation Data Cd) Theory of Number "
J. Conclusion u
Dillon.John M. C. Xenocrates (J96--3 '4 B.C.) u
The rniddlc plalonim. I!O B.C. 10 A.D. 220 I John Dillon. - Rev. I. Life and Works 'u.
ed. with a new afterword. 2. Philosophy
p. em.
lnc1ud~'S bibliographical references and index. (a) Physics "
(i) First Principles
ISBN 0-8014-831 &-6 "
I. Platonis[S. I. Title. (ii) Triadic Division of the Universe 3'
8517.D5-I 1996 (iii) Daemons
3'
184-dc20 (iv) Creation and StrUCture of the World
3J
(b) Ethics
3J
(c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge
35
(d) Pythagorism and Allegorizing 37
J. Conclusion
3'
D. Polemon (C'. 3~O-2G7 B.C.)
39
E. The Dominant Themes of Middle Platonism
4J
I. Ethics
4J
1. Physics "
Primed in Great BriD;n J. Logic
'9
4· Conclusion
5'
.,.
Conltnu vii
vi COllltlltJ
(b) Physics
2. ANTIOCIiUS OF ASCALON: THE T URN TO (i) Pythagorean First Principles uG
D OGMATISM P (ii) The Physical World: Heaven and Earth "9
A. Life and Works: Sketch of Philosophical Development B (iii) Tne Composition and Nature of the Soul
G, '3'
B. Philosophy (c) Logic
'lJ
I. The Criterion of Certainty 6"J 8. Some Middle Plawni!; Scholastic Formulations 'J5
2. Ethics C. Philo 'J'
"
(a) The Basic Principle ,0 t. Life and Works '39
(b) The 'End of Goods', or Supreme Good 1. Philosophy '45
"
(c) The Virtues (a) The Criterion and the ttlru '45
(d) The Passions 77 (b) Ethics
"G
(e) Political Principles "., (i) General Principles "G
(i) The Ideal State "'.0, (ii) The Vinues '49
(ii) The Natural Law (iii) The Passions
'5'
3. Physics (iv) The Path [Q Vinue: Nature, Instruction,
(a) The Composition of the World Practice
'5'
"
(b) Fate and Free WiI! (v) Politics
'53
S8
(c) The Gods (c) Physics , 55
"
(d) Divination ,0 (i) God and the World , 55
(e) Daemons and Other Intermediate Beings (ii) The Ideas and the Logos '5'
4. Psychology 9' (iii) The Powers , 6,
(a) Antiochus and Ihe Theory of Ideas 9' (iv) A Female Creative Principle: Sophia ,6J
9' ,6,
(b) The Immortality of the Soul (v) Other Powers
'0'
(c) The Structure of the Soul (vi) Free Will and Providence ,66
'0'
S. Logic (vii) Cosmology ,68
"'.
6. Rhetori!; (0:) Triadic Division of the Universe ,68
,,0
C. Conclusion "'l (~) The Elements
,06
D. The Problem of Posidonius (viii) Daemons and Angels ",
I. Life and Works ''007' (ix) Psychology '74
2. Philosophy (II.) The Parts of the Soul "'74,
008
(a) Physics (~) The Immortality of the Soul ",
(b) The Soul ,,0 (d) Logic
",
'"
(c) Ethics (i) The Theory of Categories
3. Conclusion '" (ii) Ute Origins of L:lnguage: Etymology ,So
". ]. Conclusion ,S>
J. PLATONISM AT ALEXANDRIJ,: EUDORUS AND PHILO
" 5
A. Eudorus of Alexandria 4· PLUTARCH OF CH.AERONEIA AND THE ORIGINS OF
I. Life and Works ""5, SECOND-CENTURY PLA'I'ONISM '""
1. Eudorus and Neopythagoreanism A. Imroductorv ,
3. Eudorus' Philosophical position '" B. life and W~rks , '5
on
(a) Ethics
Contents Conunu ix
viii
C. Plutarch's Teacher, Ammonius '" 2. Philosophy '"
'" (a) Ethics '"
D. Philosophical Position
'" (b) Physics 'P
I. (Eat)h icTsh e ulos '9' 3· Exegetical Method ""7,
'93 F. Harpocration of Argos
(b) The Virrues ,6,
'9' G. Severns
(c) Politics ,6,
'" H. Conclusion
2. Phvsics
(a)' The First Principles: God; the One and the
Indefinite Dyad '99 6. THE 'SCHOOL OF GAWS': SHADOW AND SUBSTANCE ,,6.6,
(b) TIte Logos and the Ideas '00 A. Gaius ,66
(c) The lrrational Soul: Plutarch's Dualism '0' B. Albinus
(d) The Irmional Soul and Malter '0' I. Life and Works ,67
(e) The World Soul and the Individual Soul: 2. Pllilosophy '7'
",6
Creation of the World (a) General Principles '7'
(f) Fate, Providence and Free Will ,08 (b) Theory of Knowledge; the kriurion '73
(g) Soul and Mind '" (c) LObrie or Dialectic '76
(h) Divisions of the Uniyerse and Hierarchies of ". (d) Physic~ or Theoretic " 0
(i) Mathematics ,So
Being
,,6 (ii) First Principles ,So
(i) Daemons
(j) The Guardian Daemon . '" (iii) The Physical World '"
(k) Contact of the Immaterial with the Matenal m (iv) Daemons " 7
(I) Demonology: Some Conclusions nn,) (v) The Sublunar World ,88
(m) A Multiplicity of Worlds n, (vi) Psychology '90
(!l) The Nature of [he Soul '90
J. Logic
E. Conclusion " 9 (~) The Irrational Soul and the Embodied
Soul '"
5. TJ{£ A TH£NIAN SCIIOOL tN TU£ SECOl'in CunURY (vii) Fate, Providence and Free Will "'9,'
'J' (e) Ethics
A.D. 'J' (i) The Good for Man '9'
A. Introductory
B. The Problem of the 'Athenian Academy' 'J' (ii) The telos '99
'JJ (iii) Vinue and the Virtues JO,
C. Nicostrarus
'J7 (iv) Politics JOJ
D. Cal venus Taurus
'J7 (f) Albinus as a Teacher JO,
21.. LPihfiel oasnodp hWy orks ,'4,0° C. A1. pLuliefeiu asn odf WMaodrakusr a JJoo66
(a) Ethics
(b) Physics ,'",6 1. Philosophy J"
(a) Physics JD
(c) Logic
(d) Exegetical Method '4' (i) First Principles JD
'47 (ii) Psychology: The Soul in General; The
E. Atticus
I. Life and Works '47 World Soul J' j
x CQllttllts COflunu ,i
(iii) Daemons )17 (b) Matter l7J
(iv) Fate, Providence and Free Will po (c) World Soul and Individual Soul )7'
(v) Soul and Body J16 (d) Daemons 37'
(b) Ethics 318 3· Conclusion )7'
(i) First Principles 328 F. Cronius J79
(ii) Vinues and Vices JJo G. Ammonius Saccas )'0
(iii) Rhetoric 333 H. Conclusion ).)
(iv) Absolute and Relative Goods 333
(v) Friendship and Love 334 8. SOME LOOSE ENDS )"
{vi} The Perfect Sage 314 A. The Spread of Platonist Influence: The 'Platonic
(vii) Politics ]35 Underworld' 384
(c) Logic 336 I. Valenlinian Gnosticism )',
J. Conclusion ))7 1. The PotmanJru )'9
D. Galen 339 3· The Chaldaean Orades )9'
E. Conclusion J40 8. Some Miscellaneous Platonists )97
,I.. Theon of Smyrna )97
,. THE NEOPYTHAGOREANS 341 Maximus of Tyre )99
A. Introductory 341 3· Celsus 400
B. The Pythagoreans of Alexander Polyhislor and Sextus 4· Calcidius 40•
Empiricus 342- 5· Two Summaries of Pla[Onic Doctrine 408
C. Mocleratus of Gades 344 (a) Diogenes laertius 40'
t. Life and Works 344 (b) Hippolytus 4"
1. Philosophy }46 C. Conclusion ''4
(a) First Principles 346
349
(b) The Soul BIBLIOGRAPHY 4"
(c) Number )So
35'
3· Conclusion AFTER"'ORD
D. Nicomachus of Gerasa 351 4"
Life and Works 351 b"DEXEs
I.
1. Philosophy 353 I. General I "del( 45)
(a) First Principles 3H ii. Index of Platonic Passages
45'
(b) The Soul and the World 358 iii. Modern Authorities QUOted 459
(c) The Physical Cosmos 359
359
Cd) Ethics
(e) Providence and the Problem of Evil )60
360
J. Conclusion
E. Numenius of Apamea 361
l jfe and Works 361
I.
366
:l. Philosophy
(a) Fjrst Principles: The Father and the Demiurge 366
Preface
THE period in the history of Platonism which is the subject of this
book has received hitherto comparatively little attention. It seems
TO MY FATHER fated to remain in the position of those Tedious tracts of the Mid
Myles Dillon Western United States through which one passes with all possible
haste, in order to reach the excitements of one coast or the other. In
( '900"""197:1)
Platonism, likewise, one tends to move all too hastily from Plato to
Plotinus, with, at mosl, a perfunctory glance at those vast tracts of
Academic scholasticism that lie between the two, and which were of
such basic importance in the intellectual fonnation of the latter.
It is the purpose of this book to fill, to some extent, that gap. I will
cry to deal with the figures of the period as far as possible on their own
terms, not as dimly seen milestones on the way to Neoplaronism. It
has not been an easy task, however, to present a survey that will be
coherent and yet Stay reasonably close to the frequently exiguous evi
dence. There really is no body of re<:eived opinion on which one can
base oneself in what is after all intended to be a relatively 'popular'
book. In such a book one cannot be forever building up hypotheses
step by laborious step; one must try to present conclusions. Inevitably,
I have had to dwell upon details, since in many instances these details
have not been d ......e lt upon before. I hope that the reader, appreciating
the problems, will be patient.
Not, of course, that nothing has been done. We have at least one
comprehensive survey, in Volume ill: 2 of Eduard Zeller's vast
Philosophie der Griechen, and a shorter, but very useful, account by
Karl Praechter in Uberweg's general history of philosophy. The sur
vey of Philip Merlan (who has elsewhere contributed much to the
study of the period) in the Cambridge History ofL ate Greek and Early
Mediaeval Philosophy (Pan I) is, however, vitiated by precisely the
fault of which I am complaining, a spotty and partial treatment of the
figures of the period as precursors of Plotinus,
Apart from this, scholars such as Praechter, Willy Theiler, Hein
J.
rich Dorrie, f.mile Brehier, A.- Festugiere, Pierre Boyanek, and most
H.-J.
Recently Kramer, have done excellent work on particular ques
tions, but no study of the period as a whole has yet resulted. On
Preface xv
xiv Prefau
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Preface
from a disinclination to repeat a job adequately done, but pardy also
in order to allow a different 'voice' to appear in the quotations. I have,
of course, carefully checked the accuncy of all translations not my own Abbreviations
and have ventured 10 alter them when they were not sufficiently
literal or accurate for my purposes. I have also made much use of
Greek tenns in transliterated form. The result often appears barbar
ous, but the reader must become familiar with the main terms of philo A. B D R:V IA T ION s of the works of individual ancient authors will be
sophic discourse in this period if he is 10 follow [he course of its glvc.n m thhe suIrvey of their works at til·e .)...........o .,.m. nm. g 0 f th e ch a pter con-
development. I have tried to limit footnotes to a minimum, and in that "md.l~g tern .. have adopted longer or shoner abbreviations of works
spirit I have included references in the text. at lIIeren"t pomts in th e b0 0k accor~w, ng to the frequency with which
I am most grateful to various friends for reading parts of this book the wor~ IS. bemg quoted, e.~. Plut~rch, Isis and Osiris,1s. er Os., De
and making many useful criticisms: Frederic Amory, Peter Brown, Is.. or Is., Clccro, Tusculan DlSputatlOlls, Tuse. Disp. or TD. I ho e that
Gerard Caspary, Albrecht Dihle, A. A. Long, J. ~l Rist, R. T. Wallis, tins pro~edur~ averts more confusion than it creates. That ce~rainlY
John Whittaker, David Winston. They are not, of course, responsible was my mtentlon.
for its shortcomings. I wish 10 mank me University of California at I give here some abbreviations used throughout the work:
Berkeley for the grant of a Humanities Research Fellowship in 1971/1,
which enabled me to start on the book. Finally, my eternal gratitude Ady. M~al/'. or A.M Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Alat/'eman"eos
CH
to my wife for her enormoUS patience and expenise in typing the whole Corpu.$ Hermtlieum
manuscript, much of it more than once, and for directing numerous DL Diog~nes Laertiu., Liyes oj the Philosophers
acute criticisms at hom style and content. I dedicate the book to the Dox. Gr. H .. Dlels (ed.), Doxographi Graed
memory of my father, who set me originally upon the path of scholar EN Anstotle, Ethica Nicomac/'UJ
Afu.
ship, and kept me on it both by exhort:ltion and by example until his Aristotle, j',ferapJ..ysica
NA
Aulus Gellius, Noeus Auicae
death.
Berkeley, 1975 PT H. Thesleff(ed.), The Pythagorean TV:lSofthe
Heiltllisric Period
RE
PaulJy-Wissowa, Real-E1I{yklopiidie de, /class/
c!'ell Altertumswisullschafi
SVF H. von Arnim (ed.), Stoii;orum Vtttrum Frag
menta
Tim. Plato, Timaeus
CH .... PTER ONE
The Old Academy and the
Themes of Middle Platonism
P LA TO, on his death in 347 B.C., left behind him a philosophical heri·
tage that has nOt yet lost its vigour. This hook concerns one period of
inteHectual history, approxim:ltely three hundred years (c. 80 B.C.-t"•
•- 1..0. n o), during which the implications of that heritage were med·
itated upon by thinkers of varied intellectual capaciry, and cenain con·
elusions were hammered out which were not without significance for
later generations. It was during this period, in fact, that much of what
passed for Platonism in later ag~-until a determined effort was made
at the beginning of (he nineteenth century in Germany to return to the
actual writings of Plato, unvarnished by interpretation- was laid
down.
~'hat I propose to do in tillS introductory chapter is, first, to survey
brieRy the doctrines of the immediate successors of Plato, commonly
known as the Old Academy (prefaced by a discussion of the contro
versial subject of the 'unwritten doctrines' of Plato), since it is with
these figures- in panicular Xenocra[es~that a good deal of Middle
Platonic scholasticism has its rOO[5; and secondly, to outline the main
philosophical problems which exercised the philosophers of the period
under review. Since I propose in the main body of the book to pro
ceed chronologically, giving each philosopher separate consideration,
it will be as well at the outset to establish, according to subject matter,
the main lines of philosophic activity with which we will be concerned.
A. PLATO, THE UNWRITTEN DOCTRINES
It is no part of the purpose of this book to pre;enl a survey of Plato's
philosophy. A knowledge of what generally passes for Pilm's philo-
sophy, the docrrines derivable from his dialogues, is presupposed in
the reader. But in order 10 understand the directions taken by Plato's
TAt Old Academy and tAt Tkmu of Middle PlatQlIum Plato: Tlr.t UlIwriLUlI Doctrines 3
1
immediate successors, it is necessary here to say a few words about and reasonable, and fits in well with the developments attributed to
wsttoeoh artacsht ho aiasnrreege acrttheo alamecta tmstinhto geany.s l ymIa trk uein cstho r oywafisnnt e gtnao s t tothPh esela o dtlpoivar'eslo. o b'guleunmewssr ithtlteaeftnt h bdisyo cimtPrlmianteeods i',ai nts ein hsciusec coite rsais l SfgiepnnTee uehmrsaeipy lldpsyeeu tlasafg i arlteson ed oda fn Xu tcphoooeuosntecl,i r naadento edcso t.fr tih ntuheses samuriaetai nbn leefce etaosts uaar rewisl,yo rsdkiin socpefu ttthehede .ys c I oawrpeei l lpo rcfe otthntye
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on the basis of scattered criticisms from Labour spokesmen. Never I Thai this docrrine is Plalonic as well as Arislotelian Ius hem weU dUll on
theless, by looking at his evidence with a properly critical eye, one can Hratr.;i by H. J. Kramer in his work Artri he; Pia/on. wui Aruumles ' Heidelberg
deduce a body of doctrine which is, in its main lines at least, coherent 19S9, <'$p. ch. J.
