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1944-1945
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THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH
ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD
WAR
II
Volume
8
1944-1945
Archbishop
Mitty High School
Media Center
5000 Mitty Way
San Jose, CA 95129
*V-
THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH
ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD
WAR
II
An objective, chronological and comprehensive history
of the Second World War.
Authoritative text by
Lt. Colonel Eddy Bauer.
Consultant Editor
Brigadier GeneralJames L. Collins,Jr., U.S.A., ChiefofMilitary
History, Department ofthe Army.
Editor-in-Chief
Brigadier Peter Young, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., F.S.A. Formerly head
of Military History Department at the Royal Military Acadeim
.
Sandhurst.
Revision Editor Ashlev Brown Reference Editor Mark Dartford
Marshall Cavendish
New York London Toronto
Editorial Staff
Brigadier Peter Young Editor-in-Chief
Brigadier-General
James 1 . ( iollins,Jr Consultant Editor
( lorelli Barnet PLditorial Consultant
John Roberts Editorial Consultant
1 )i
Christopher Chant Editor-
William Fowler Assistant Editor-
Vanessa Rigby Assistant Editor
Jenny Shaw Assistant Editor-
Malcolm MacGrcgor Art Illustrator
Pierre Turner Art Illustrator
Revision Staff
Ashley Brown Revision Editor-
Mark Dartford Reference Editor-
Graham Beehag Art Editor-
Randal Gray Editorial Consultant
Julia Wood Editorial Assistant
Robert Paulley Production Consultant
DPM
Creation Services
Reference Edition Published 1985
Published b) Marshalltlavendish(lorporation
I (7 Wesi Merrick Road, Freeport, N Y 11520
( >rbis Publishing Ltd 1984, 1980. 1979, 1978, 1972
©1966Jaspard Polus, Monaco
Allrutins reserved. Nopari ofthisbook mas bereproducedorutilizedinany
formorbyanymeansrlr,norm ormechanical, includingphotocopying,
recording, orb\ aninformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permission from thecopyright holders.
Printedin(rreat Britainby ArtisanPress
Bound in Italyby [..E.G.O. S.p.a. Vicenza
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Mainentryundertitle:
The MarshallCavendish illustrated encyclopediaof
WorldWarII
Bibliography: v.
Includesindex.
1. WorldWar, 1939-1945 - Chronology. I. Bauer, Eddy.
II. Collins,JamesLawton, 1917- . III. Young, Peter.
IV. MarshallCavendishCorporation. V. Title: WorldWar2.
VI. Title: WorldWarTwo. D743.M37 1985
940.53'02'02 85-151 ISBN0-85685-948-6(set)
ISBN0-85685-956-7(volume8)
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
MarshallCavendish EncyclopediaofWorldWarII.
1. WorldWar, 1939-1945—Dictionaries
I. Young, Peter, 1915-
940.53'03'21 D740
J 2 8 6 9
Foreword
Fortyyears ago thegreatest war which the worldhasyet contribution to final victory. Now at last we have a
seen was at its height. It was a war whose ramifications masterly account of the whole Warfrom the pen of a
reachedto the ends ojthe earth andaffected in some way or neutral: a Swiss. The author, aprofessional soldier, has
anotherpractically all its inhabitants - quite apartfrom produced thefirstgeneral history ofthe Second World War
slaughtering about thirty million ofthem. Thousands of which is completely uninfluenced by the mythology ofany
authors havegiven us their views on the events oftheyears ofthe combatant nations After thirty-fiveyears, the story
.
1939 - 1945, in books rangingfrom the official histories ofthe Warhad become shrouded in a mist oflegends, and
through the memoirs of generals, both victorious and nations and individuals have striven to show their actions
vanquished, and in the adventure stories of various in the mostfavourablepossible light. Lieutenant-Colonel
warriors oflowlier rank. Bauer cuts through the web with a sharp sword. Here is
first class narrative, based on deep study, and told by a
All these works bear the signs ofbias andprejudice,for professionalsoldier with an acute, analytical mind but the
nearly all were written by people who, though they may broad, human sympathy to comprehendtheproblems faced
have been trained historians, had themselves been through by both sides
the events described, or at least belonged to one or other of
the belligerent nations. Howeverfairminded one may be, The Second World War still affects aery one of us.
it is practically impossible for such an author to be even those who were not born in 1945. To ignore its story
absolutely impartial. He mayfind that having been with is in a sense to run the risk that it may all happen again.
the B. E.F. at Dunkirk, in several raids anda number of Here at last is the chance to read the unvarnished truth
landings, as well as campaigns in Sicily, Italy, written with the authority ofone who was deep!) interested
Normandy and Burma, helped very much to conjure up the in his study, and isfreefrom the least taint ofbias. Ifyou
atmosphere of the war days. On the other hand it may • to be allowedto readonly one account ofthe history of
conceivably lead him to over-emphasise the British the Second World Wat. then it shouldbe Colonel Bauer's.
Brigadier Peter Young
I) S () . M ( . \I A
FLditor-in-Chief
Board
Editorial
Brigadier Peter Young studied at Monmouth School Spectator and given talks on the BBC. He is a member of
and Trinity College, Oxford before becoming 2nd Lieut in the UK/US Education committee and the Royal Historical
the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regt, British Army in Society.
1939. During World War II he served throughout the
Dunkirk campaign and although wounded in 1940 BEF Chris Chant was born in Macclesfield, England and
>unkirk went on with Commando raids on Guernsey, the educated at The Kings School, Canterbury and Oriel
I
Lofoten Islands, Vaagso and Dieppe, the landings in Sicily College, Oxford where he obtained an M.A. in Literae
.ind Italy, 1943, the battle ofTermoli, Normandy, the last humaniores. In his early career he worked as assistant
Arakan campaign, commanding no. 3 Commando and the editor on Purnell's History of the First World War and the
1st Commando Brigade. After the war he commanded the History oftheSecond World War. He was also an editor on the
9th Regl Arab Legion before becoming Head of the Encyclopedia of World War One. Since then he has dedicated
RMA
Military I listory Department at the Sandhurst. He most of his time to full-time writing, specializing in the
has written over thirty books on military subjects. He was history of military aviation. Included amongst the many
also Editor in ChiefofPurnell's History oftheFirst World War titles he has written are GroundAttack, Great Battles ofAirborne
,uhI contributes regularly to the Army Historical Research Forces, World WarIIAircraft, How Weapons Work and recently
Journal, Chamber's Encyclopedia and other academic Air Forces of the World, Naval Forces ofthe World. He is at
publications. He is also a founder member and Capitaine present working on the third book ofthe trilogy published
General] of the Sealed Knot Society of Cavaliers and by Collins, England - Land Forces of the World, plus a
Roundheads, a British Civil War re-enactment group. Dictionary ofWorld Aircraft.
Corelli Barnet was educated at Exeter College, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Eddy Bauer was born and spent
Between 1945 and 1948 he served in the British Army most ofhis life in Switzerland, where he excelled both in an
Intelligence Corps, then took a Masters degree, 1954. After academic career - as ProfessorofHistory and then Rector
many years as a very successful general and military of Neuchatel University - and as an officer in the Swiss
historian and author Barnet was awarded the Leverhulme Army. A major interest in modern warfare began from his
Research Fellowship in 1976. In 1977 he was made Keeper first hand experience as a news correspondent in the
of the Archives and a Fellow at Churchill College, Spanish Civil War. With this practical and academic
Cambridge where since 1980 he has been a teaching Fellow training he was well qualified for his appointment as head
in Defense Studies. In 1982 he gave the Winston Churchill of the Swiss Second Division's Intelligence Service at the
Memorial Lecture, Switzerland. outbreak ofWorld War Two, and it was from this neutral
Among his many books receiving high acclaim, Corelli and privileged vantage point that he was able to write a
Barnet has written: The Desert Generals, The Battle ofAlamein, detailed impartial account ofthe war, week by week, for a
and Britain and Her Army -- for which he won the Royal military diary of a Swiss newspaper. After the war he
Society ofLiterature Award in 1971. Corelli Barnet worked continued to use his great wealth of experience on the
as an author and historical consultant on an epic military, political and media aspects of war, regularly
documentary series for BBC television entitled The Great contributing to a variety ofjournals and writing numerous
War and two other notable series, TheLost Peace 1918 -33 books, including a study ofarmoured warfare and a history
and The Commandos. He won the 1964 Screen Writers' of Secret Services, which was his final and uncompleted
Guild Award for the best British television documentary work. He died in 1972.
snipt.
He is a memberofthe Royal Society ofLiterature and an Brigadier-General James L. Collins Jnr., was
Elected Member ofthe Royal United Services Institute. commissioned into the United States Army as 2nd Lt. in
1939 after obtaining a B.Sc at the U.S. Military Academy,
Dr.John Roberts is a well-known historian educated at Vancouver where he received his M.A. before doing
Taunton and Keble College, Oxford, where in 1948 he postgraduate studies at the Naval War College, the Armed
received an M.A. In 1953 he got his D.Phil, and became a Forces StaffCollege and the Army War College.
Fellow ofMagdalen College, Oxford. In the same year he Brig. Gen. Collins is a former ChiefofMilitary History,
went to the United States as a Commonwealth Fund Fellow US Dept. ofthe Army and Commander ofthe Center for
at Princeton and Yale. He later became a Member ofthe Military History, Washington. He has held a variety of
Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton (1960 - 61) and other distinguished posts including Director ofthe Defense
visiting professor at the University ofSouth Carolina and Language Institute and Director ofthe US Commission for
Columbia. Merton College, Oxford, appointed him Fellow Military. He is a professional author and editor on military
and tutor in Modern History, then Honorary Fellow in subjects whose major published works include The
1980. John Roberts has written and published several Development and Training oftheSouth Vietnamese 1950 - 72 and
major historical works, including Europe 1880 - 1945 and Allied Participation in Vietnam. He was Chief Editorial
Hutchinson's History of the World. He also edited Purnell's Adviser, War in Peace, 1984 a major partwork magazine in
History ofthe Twentieth Century and the Larousse Encyclopedia England, the Editor ofMemoiresofmyservicein the World War
ofModern History. Since 1967 he has beenjoint-editor ofthe - George Marshall and contributes regularly to
English Historical Review, contributed tojournals such as the professionaljournals.
Times Literary Supplement, the New Statesman and the
.
Notable Contributors
Lt. Col. Martin Blumenson was educated at Bucknell Andrew Mollo is a military historian specialising in
and Harvard Universities. He served with the US Army in military uniforms. He has also assembled one ofthe largest
Europe during World War II, and later in Korea and collections ofinsignia, militaria and photographs. He is the
subsequently joined the Army Reserve. Former Senior author ofover a dozen books, among them Army Uniforms of
Historian, at the Army's Office of the Chief of Military the SS, Army Uniforms of World War IIand Army Uniforms of
History and visiting Professor of Military and Strategic World WarI. Apart from writingAndrew Mollo has worked
Studies at Arcadia University, he has also held important in film and television, as technical adviser on productions
posts at the Naval War College, The Citadel and the Army such as Night ofthe Generals and The Spy who came infrom the
War College. Blumenson has been a prolific writer and is Cold, and co-directing the films Winstanley and It happened
acknowledged as one of the world's authorities on the Here - the latter being an imaginary occupation ol
Italian campaign. His books include: The USArmy in World England by the Germans in World War II
WarII: break outandpursuit, Rommel's last victory, Sicily: whose
victory?and Eisenhower Jacques Nobecourt is a well-known French military
historian. He studied at the Lycee Saint Louis. Paris and
Brigadier Michael Calvert D.S.O. Nicknamed Mad Caen University, France. After serving in the 2nd World
Mike, he has had a distinguished career as a fighting War he worked as editor of foreign affairs for the journal
soldier, attaining the rank of Brigadier at the early age of31 Combat following which he worked on various other
and, after serving with Wingate in Burma, returned to newspapers eventually joining Monde as Rome correspon-
command the Special Air Service Brigade in Europe at the dent before becoming its deputy chief. He is also a regular
end ol World War II. He later raised and commanded the c nntributor tojournals such as La Stampa and Corrieredella
22nd Air Service Regiment in Malaya. Qualified as a Serra.Jacques Nobecourt's published titles include Hitler's
military historian and renowned as an authority onjungle Last Gamble: the Battle ofthe Ardennes. He received the Prix
warfare he went on to write sue h books as Fighting Mad, I listoria in 196.3 and the Prix Citta di Roma in 1974.
Prisoners ofHope, Chindits - a long penetration. Slim and in
1979 co-edited Dictionary ofBattles, 1715-1815. Col. Remy O.B.E., alias Renault, one of the world's
best authorities on the French Resistance joined the Free
Will Fowler is a notable writer on a wide range ol French Forces in London in 1940 under General de Gaulle,
military subjects and at present is the Army Editor foi and m the same yeai founded the Notre Dame
Defence. Educated at ('lifton College and Trinity College, Brotherhood. Col Remy has written main books
Cambridge he received an M.A. in 1970 before taking a spec ialising on the Resistance and see rel sen i< e, including
Diploma in Journalism Studies. During his career he has Memoires ofa secret agent ofFri, Frar< Tht Silent Company.
worked for a number of specialist military publishers and Portrait of a spy and Ten steps to hope. His most recent
the Royal United Services Institute As an author his most published works include 'Thirtyyears after 6June 1944 6June
recent books are Battlefor the Falklands - LandForces (1982) 1974 and Sedan, which was published in 1980.
and RoyalMarinessince 1956(1984).
Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, retired from
Richard Humble studied at Oriel College Oxford, the IS Marine (nips Born 1921, New [ersej he
specialising in Military and Naval History following which ni.iduated in 1942 from Lehigh University, going on to
he worked for about eight years in illustrated publishing attend the- Amphibious Warfare Se hool, the National \\ ,ii
both as editor and contributor on works including ( lollege and ( )hie> State- University for postgraduate studies.
Churchill's History ofEnglish-Speaking People, Tin- Explorers In the meantime Simmons ommanded the 2nd Battalion
i
in the Time-Life series 'The Sea Farers', Purnell'i History oj USMC. At the- tune of Inchon operation and Chosin
theSecond World War, and History ofthe 20th Century Richard Reservoir campaign, he, as major commanded weapons
Humble is authorofat least twenty books, Hitler's High Seas compan) 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines. Amongst his mam
/'/eel. Hitler's. Generals,Japanese High Seas Fleet, Naval Warfare. decorations are the D.S.M., Silver Star, and Legion of
Battleships andbattlecruisers and UnitedStates Navy Fleet Carriers Merit with two gold stars
ofWorld War II. FraserofNorth Cape published in 1983 is a Brigadier General Edwin Simmons USMC (retired), is
highly acclaimed biography ofLord Fraser. now director of History and Museums ,u the US Marine
( 'enps 1leadquarters and holds a similar position for othei
Captain Donald Maclntyrc seised in the Fleet Ait Arm military foundations. Widely published, he has contributed
as a pilot and during World War II in the Royal Navy as a to numerous books, enc ye lopedias, magazines and annuals.
Comman<lci ol destroyers and convoy escort groups in (he- He was the Managing Editor for The Mamie Corps Gazette,
North Atlantic. Since his retirement in 19.r>4 he has written and senioreditorfor the Publishing Group, Marine- ( !orps
numerous books on Naval history including Narvik, Battle Schools and in 1974 published The I 'ruledStates Marines. He
for the Pacific, Aircraft Carrierr, Leyte Gulf BattleoftheAtlantu served with distinction in Korea
1939-45 and The Naval war against Hitler. He also
contributed to the publications Purnells History oj the
Twentieth Century and Time Life Books' World War series in
1977.
Volume
Contents of Eight
East Prussia invaded 2017
Advance to the Oder 2037
Germany's Secret Weapons 2045
The Allies confer 2059
Himmler's offensive 2085
Remagen Bridge 2098
The End in Italy 2113
Tito and the Yugoslav Partisans 2130
The Death ofMussolini 2142
Across the Rhine 2147
Germany: The trap closes 2177
Prisoners of war: the lost armies 2196
The Battle of Lake Balaton 2209
Victory in Europe 2223
The Death Camps 2233
Germany in defeat 2259
The Gilberts and Marshalls 2282
