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NEWZ EALAND
DEPARTMOEFNTS CIENTAINFDII NCD USTRRIEASLE ARCH
The Marine Fauna of New Zealand:
Index to the Fauna
1. Protozoa
by
ELLIWO.TD AWSON
N .OZc.e anogrIanpshtiiWcte ultlei,n gton
NewZ ealaOncde anogrIanpshtiicMt eumtoei9 r9
1992
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Cataloguing in publication
DAWSON, E.W.
The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna 1. Protozoa / by
Elliot W. Dawson -Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 1992.
(New Zealand Oceanographic Institute memoir, ISSN 0083-7903, 99)
ISBN 0-477-02641-9
I. Title II. Series
UDC
Series Editor Dennis P. Gordon
Typeset by Rose-Marie C. Thompson
New Zealand Oceanographic Institute
DSIR Marine and Freshwater
Received for publication:
17 July 1991
© Crown Copyright 1992
2
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DEDICATION
In memory of three teachers of the University, Canterbury, New Zealand:
Frederick Wollaston Hutton (1836-1905)
Edward Percival (1893-1959)
Robin Sutcliffe Allan (1900-1967)
who made me aware of Natural History; and
Clifford Wallace Collins (1909-1979)
Librarian of the University for 37 years, who introduced me to the role of
bibliography.
3
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CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
7
INTRODUCTION 7
SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT 11
SYSTEMATIC LIST 13
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Subkingdom PROTOZOA
Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA
Class DINOFLAGELLATA ........................................................... . 13
Order Dinoflagellida .............................................................. . 13
(Dinophycidae + Ellobiophycidae + Syndiniophycidae)
Class PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA .................................................... . 61
Order Cryptomonadida (Cryptophyceae) ................................... . 61
Euglenida (Euglenophyceae) ................................................. . 62
Chrysomonadida (Chrysophyceae) ........................................ . 63
Haptomonadida (Haptophyceae =
Prymnesiida, Prymnesiophyceae) ...................................... . 65
Volvocida ( Chlorophyceae) ................................................... 76
Prasinomonadida (Prasinophyceae) ......................................... .
77
Silicoflagellida (Dictyochophyceae) ........................................ . 78
Class ZOOMASTIGOPHORA ....................................................... . 80
Order Choanoflagellida (Craspedophyceae) ................................. 80
Kinetoplastida ................................................................... . 82
Subphylum SARCODINA ............................................................. . 82
Superclass RHIZOPODA
Class LOBOSA
Subclass GYMNAMOEBA
Order Amoebida ................................................................. 82
Subclass TEST ACEALOBOSA
Order Arcellinida .............................................................. .. 82
Class FILOSA 83
Order Testaceafilosida 83
5
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CONTENTS Cont'd
Page
Class XENOPHYOPHOREA .................................................... . 83
Order Psamminida 83
84
Class GRANULORETICULOSA
84
Order Foraminiferida
Superclass ACTINOPODA . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. 209
Class ACANTHARIA ........................................................... 209
Class POLYCYSTINA . ... .. ... ...... . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . 210
Class PHAEODARIA .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . 217
Class HELIOZOA . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . 218
Phylum Labyrinthulata
Class LABYRINTHULEA 218
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class SPOROZOA 218
Phylum MICROSPORA 219
Phylum MYXOZOA
Class MYXOSPOREA 220
Phylum ASCETOSPORA [ = Haplospora)
Class STELLAT OSPOREA ....................................................... . 224
Phylum CILIOPHORA
Class KINETOPHRAGMINOPHORA ...................................... 224
OLIGOHYMENOPHORA 226
POL YHYMENOPHORA ................................................. 229
REFERENCES 237
INDEX 345
6
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The Marine Fauna of New Zealand:
Index to the Fauna
1. Protozoa
ELLIOWT.D AWSON*
ABSTRACT
A list of all marine Protozoa recorded from New Zealand is given, with the bibliographic citation for each
original description followed by significant subsequent references. A generic and specific index, with
some common synonymy, provide entry into the literature published on each taxon.
INTRODUCTION
assess and any figures postulated may be misleading
if not qualified, even if there is an obligation for taxo
"O what an endlesse worke have I in hand,
nomic specialists to "come forward with counts of
To count the seas abundant progeny,
species in their groups" according to Hyman (1955:
Whose fruitfull seede farre passeth those in land ... "
143). As an illustration, Heptner (1956) noted how
Vityaz
Edmund Spenser (1589) the work of the Soviet research vessel had
The Fourth Book of ''The Faerie Queene", doubled the known fauna of parts of the Pacific but
Canto XII that, in fact, the addition of 350 new species repre
sented only 0.031 % of the world fauna of that group.
It would be difficult to predict how many marine
Edmund Spenser, despite his somewhat desperate invertebrate species still await recognition in New
call, had little idea of the true immensity of the world Zealand, especially since many new forms are
of marine creatures in terms of numbers of species at currently being discovered in such apparently well
the least. Estimates of the numbers of marine known groups as the Mollusca.
animals alone amount to some 170,000 species (Nicol,
1971) and an even greater number if marine inverte The first attempt to enumerate the fauna of New
brate fossils are considered (Valentine, 1970). The Zealand was made in John Edward Cray's chapter
diversity of higher taxa is such that of 37 known "Fauna in New Zealand" in Dieffenbach's ''Travels in
phyla of living animals, 34 live in the marine realm. New Zealand" (1843). In his total he included 222
A quite conservative guess as to the extent of the species of molluscs, of which only some 98 were
marine fauna of New Zealand would be some 8,000 actually represented in the British Museum
species, of which about 2,000 are molluscs. However, collection, as he called it "The National Collection of
as Heptner (1956) has noted, in some invertebrate the mother country, which should be the richest in
groups perhaps only 10% of the species are so far the natural curiosities of its different colonies". Gray,
known to science. The real figures are difficult to like Spenser, probably had no doubt that he, and his
colleagues at the British Museum, who had also
contributed to the compilation of this chapter of
* formerly of N.Z. Oceanographic Institute, DSIR Marine "Dieffenbach", had an "endlesse worke" in attempt
and Freshwater, P.O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington. ing to collect and catalogue the fauna of a new
country, but neither could scarcely have envisaged
Present address: P.O. Box 11-856, Wellington.
the development of systematic zoology in New
7
New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 99. 1992.
ISSN 0083-7903
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Zealand over the years which have followed; and of this had already been published by him in other
the "endlesse worke" is not yet done. Every deep-sea places.
haul reveals its novelties and even the lowly inter
tidal sands and muds themselves are a treasure The "Index" has an interesting history which it is
trove for the student of the meiofauna. worth recalling here in some detail. But for the
determined effort and dedication of scientists of the
The challenge to continue cataloguing and day in Canterbury and Otago this milestone in the
describing the New Zealand fauna was taken up history of New Zealand science would never have
by that indefatigable pioneer naturalist F.W. Hutton, appeared, and succeeding generations of naturalists
former soldier, veteran of the Crimea and the Indian would have been all the poorer for that.
Mutiny, one-time provincial geologist, Assistant
Geologist in the Geological Survey (1871-1877), In his preface to the "Index", Hutton stated
Professor of Natural Science at Otago University
(1877-1880), and Curator of the Otago Museum, "Since the publication of Dieffenbach's Travels
later Professor of Geology and Biology at in New Zealand, no list has been published of the
Canterbury College (now the University of animals inhabiting New Zealand and the
Canterbury) from 1880 to 1892, and subsequently neighbouring seas, although during the last sixty
years our knowledge of them has increased very
Curator [i.e., Director] of the Canterbury Museum
much. Under these circumstances, most of the
from 1893 until the time of his death in 1905. Under
zoologists in New Zealand have come to the
the auspices of the Colonial Museum and Geological
conclusion that the time has arrived for making
Survey of New Zealand, he catalogued the birds in
such a list - to be called Index Faun<£ Nov<£
1871, the fishes (with James Hector) in 1872, the
Zealandi<E -and last year they requested me to
Echinodermata in 1872, molluscs, brachiopods, undertake the editorship. This I willingly did, as I
bryozoans and tunicates in 1873 (with another was already assured of the help of all New
edition in 1880), Tertiary molluscs, echinoderms, Zealand zoologists. The Board of Governors of
and brachiopods in 1873, and several groups of the New Zealand Institute was asked to publish a
insects (Diptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera) in small edition of the work; but as it declined to do
1881. The Crustacea were catalogued in a similar so, the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury,
being generously supported by the Otago
fashion by Miers in 1876 following Cray's tradition
Institute, undertook the responsibility."
at the British Museum. Details of these catalogues
have been given by Yaldwyn (1982: 5-6). In
The Proceedings of the Philosophical Institute of
addition, throughout the
Transactions of the New
Canterbury [now the Canterbury Branch of the
from the first volume of 1864 to
Zealand Institute
Royal Society of New Zealand) for the third meeting
Volume 38 issued in 1906, Hutton published lists
of the year, 3 July 1901, recorded:
and revisions of many groups of invertebrates
ranging from insects and worms to brachiopods and
"Dr. Chilton explained the action taken by the
bryozoans Royal Society of N.Z., 1978: 65-68).
(see Council to promote the publication of an "Index
Faunre Novre-Zealandire" -i.e., a list of all spe
However, it was not until 1904 that a compre
cies of animals recorded from New Zealand, with
hensive list of the known species making up the
at least one reference for each species.
fauna of New Zealand appeared. This was the now
classic "Index Faun� Nov� Zealandi�", which, A petition prepared, asking the Governors of
although often attributed solely to Hutton (and, the New Zealand Institute to undertake the publi
indeed, stated by one of his obituarists as his "mag cation of the index, was laid on the table for signa
num opus"), consisted of contributions from a num ture."
ber of contemporary biologists. For instance, the
section on Mollusca was by Suter, worms by Ben (Trans. Proc. N.Z. Institute 34 : 578; 1902)
ham, rotifers by Hilgendorf, Porifera by Kirk,
holothurians by Dendy, while Farquhar provided At the Institute's Annual Meeting, held on 2 April
the sections on other echinoderms and on the 1902, it was reported that:
Hydrozoa. The Crustacea were contributed by
Chilton and by Thomson. Hutton's outstanding 'The Council of the Institute has met eight
contribution to the "Index" was, undoubtedly, his times since the last annual meeting. During the
biogeographical essay introducing it although much year the Council drew up a petition urging upon
8
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the Governors of the New Zealand Institute the President of the Philosophical Institute of Canter
desirability of publishing an "Index Faunre Novre bury (Dr Charles Chilton) -
Zealandire," containing a list of all species of
animals recorded from New Zealand, with at least " ...a nnounced the arrival of copies of the
one reference for each species, and suggesting that "Index Faunre Novre-zealandire," and on behalf of
the index should be edited by Captain F.W. the Council of the Canterbury Institute, and of the
Hutton, who has already published numerous Council of the Otago Institute, and of the various
catalogues of the different zoological groups, and contributors to the Index, presented Captain
has a large amount of manuscripts, suitable for the Hutton (the editor of the Index) with a bound
index, already prepared. Copies of the petition volume of congratulatory letters on the occasion of
were sent to the other Affiliated Societies, and its publication."
were returned, numerously signed, by the Otago
Institute and the Hawke's Bay Philosophical 37: 610; 1905)
(Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst.
Institute. These, together with the petition from
this Institute, were forwarded to the Governors of
the New Zealand Institute. In due time a reply On 8 November 1904, the Council of the Otago
was received stating that the Governors had given Institute noted two items of "extraordinary expend
the matter careful consideration, but, whilst
iture" in the Institute's balance-sheet, and it was
appreciating the value and practical importance of
explained that
such a work when complete, they "considered that
its production at the present time would be
'The second large payment is a sum of £25 for
premature, more particularly as the classification
the purchase of fifty copies of the "Index Faunre
and nomenclature of the indigenous faunre of
Novre-zealandire." The work was published at the
New Zealand is at present undergoing active
expense of the Canterbury Philosophical Institute,
critical discussion by experts in Europe and
and the sum named above represents the amount
America."
of financial assistance that your Council felt
justified in granting towards the expenses
34: 580-581; 1902)
(Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. incurred in publishing this highly important
work. The Council regrets that the other affiliated
institutes did not contribute towards the expense
The Otago Institute [now the Otago Branch of the
of publication."
Royal Society of New Zealand] met on 9 July 1901,
and it was noted that:
37: 619; 1905)
(Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst.
"A letter was received from the Philosophical
Institute of Canterbury enclosing a petition for
It was reported to the Annual Meeting of the
presentation to the Board of Governors of the New
Institute, held on 30 November 1904, that:
Zealand Institute, requesting the New Zealand
Institute to undertake the publication of an "Index
'The "Index Faunre Novre-zealandire" has been
Faunre Novre-Zealandire," a catalogue, with
completed. The price at which the volume was
references, of all the species of animals hitherto
originally issued to subscribers has now, as always
described from the New Zealand area.
contemplated, been raised to 12s. 6d. The Index
not only supplies a much-felt want, but its
In order to secure uniformity, it was proposed
publication has also been financially satisfactory."
that Captain Hutton, F.R.S., Curator of the Can
terbury Museum, be requested to act as editor.
37: 612; 1905)
(Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst.
The Chairman expressed the hope that all the
members present would sign the·petition. He said
And it is interesting to note that the price of 12/6
that the preparation of the work presented no
(i.e., $1.25) was, in fact, retained for some 80 years
difficulty, provided that the Government, through
until stocks became exhausted.
the New Zealand Institute, would undertake its
publication."
Hutton died at sea off South Africa on 27 October
34: 583-584; 1902) 1905, so did not live to see the use that was to be
(Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst.
made of his "Index". In fact, it served for many years
as the introduction to the variety of the New Zealand
At the first meeting of the year 1904, on 4 May, the fauna achieving its original aim very well indeed.
9
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