The Marine Algae of New Zealand. Part I. Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae.

196 Pages·2007·20.34 MB·English

V. J. CHAFWAN: THE MARINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND 333
The Marine Algae of New Zealand. Part I. Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae.
By V. J. CHAPMAN,P rofessor of Botany, Auckland University College.
(With Plates 24-501 and 153 Text-figures)
[Read 6 May 19541
INTRODUCTION
It is some years since Laing published his list (1926) of the seaweeds of New Zealand.
Our knowledge of these plants has been considerably extended since then, and a critical
examination of the material has been desirable for some time. This is all the more impor-
tant because it is likely that major advances in the knowledge of algae, both in respect of
structure and reproduction, will come from a study of south Pacific and Antarctic species.
This contribution is the fist of three in which a detailed revision of the New Zealand
marine algae has been undertaken. The present work deals with the Myxophyceae and
Chlorophyceae. The second part, which is being prepared by Mr V. W. Lindauer, will
deal with the Phaeophyceae, and the third part will be concerned with the Rhodophyceae.
The work has only been rendered possible by the accumulation of much material and
literature together with access to herbaria. A considerable debt is due to the Council of
Canterbury University College for the 5-year loan of the important Laing Collection.
I am also grateful to the Research Grants Committee of the University of New Zealand
for a grant that enabled me to visit herbaria in Europe, especially to examine specimens
of the genera Enteromorphu and Ulva. The extensive herbarium of the Plant Research
Bureau has also been available, and Miss L. B. Moore has provided much assistance and
criticism for which I am very grateful. I would also thank Rlr Lindauer for access to his
extensive private collection. Inspection has also been made of the smaller collections in
the Dominion Museum and the Auckland Institute: to the Directors of both these
museums I express thanks. There is also a debt to my former technical assistant
Miss S. Baker who has been responsible for the photographs. These have been selected to
show either the types of new species or the habit of certain species.2
Recognition of assistance with various divisions or families is expressed in the relevant
places. It is not expected that these contributions will represent the ha1p icture for New
Zealand. There are many parts of the coast where very little collecting has been carried
out, and work in such areas may bring further new species to light and will certainly
extend the range of others.
Apart from the four major algal groups, there are marine diatoms and marine members
of the Xanthophyceae, Cryptophyceae and Chrysophyceae. Our knowledge of these is
at present so meagre that it would be premature to attempt to list them.
Before proceeding to the detailed systematic account, some brief observations will be
made in the next few pages on the distribution of marine algae and the various types of
habitat that they occupy. This section owes much to collaborationw ith Mr V. W. Lindauer.
GENERALF EATURES
The normal beach is dominated by red and brown seaweeds, the green algae being most
frequent where there is an Mow of fresh water. The blue-green algae commonly form
gelatinous colonies or membranous sheets on dripping rocks, on the underside of boulders,
in caves, or on the mud of mangrove swamps and salt marshes. The individual plants of
the blue-green algae are not visible to the naked eye whereas those of the other groups
usually are.
Editor’s Note. Owing to the poor state of preservation of some of the specimens, the author was
unable to supply better illustrations. These have been reproduoed as faithfully as their quality permits.
* Mythanksare also due to theCouncilofAuckland UniversityC ollegeand theResearchGrants Com-
mittee of the University of New Zealand for financial assistance towards the publishing of this paper.
JOURN. LI”. S0C.-BOTANY, VOL. LV X
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334 V. J. CHAPMAN: 'FEE MdaWE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND
Colour can normally be employed as a guide for the initial classification of seaweeds,
but there are occasions when it may be deceptive. Some of the red algae under shade
conditions tend to be brown (e.g. Catendla, Gracihria),o r when fully exposed to sunlight
they become greenish (Porphyra wlumbina, Gelidium sp., Gigartina cluzpmanii), whikt
some of the brown algae may also appectr greenish (Ectocarpus, Dictyota). However, the
microscopic structure of the plants is then suflicient to enable one to determine the group
to which the particular plant belongs.
TYPES OF SHORE
The ardent collector hds the most fruitful field on the rocky shore, though even here
degree of exposure or protection makes a considerable difference. Thus the rocky shores
of the Tasman coast are often richer than the more protected Pacific shores, because the
prevailing westerly wind makes for rougher conditions on the west, and the harbours of
the east are generally muddy. Apart from protection and exposure on rocky shores there
is also the nature of the beach. A bed of rough-surfaced, horizontal or gently sloping rock
below low water or just above it, eapecially if pocketed into rock pools or submarine
pools, or if dissected by gullies, often becomes a veritable garden; many seaweeds, how-
ever, especially those of the conspicuous shoreline associations, prefer more or less vertical
rock faces. For these reasons a more or less uniform, flat, rocky shore (e.g. Narrow Neck,
Stanmore Bay) is not so rich in species as an irregular dissected shore (e.g. Bay of Islands)
because the latter provides a wider range of habitat.
Rocky shores can be divided usefully into five types:
(1) Gently shelving towards and below low water.
(2) Horizontal platforms in terraces, ending either gradually in shallow water or
abruptly over deeper water.
(3) More or less horizontal platforms cleft into wide or narrow, deep or shallow
channels connecting with the sea.
(4) Scattered rock-masses emerging from a floor of sand, shingle or mud either in the
littoral or below.
(5) High, flat or pinnacled rock-mames raised above half-tide, level throughout and
extending to low-water or below.
Of these (2) and (4) generally bear rich harvests, especially if facing the open sea or in
other situations where the water is clean and well aerated and in suEcient motion. It
must be remembered, however, that some algae prefer still, turbid waters or even an
admixture of fresh water.
There may also be differences in the geological composition of the rock. Normally this
has little effect upon algal vegetation but it has been found that excess of chalk does
produce considerable changes in a flora. A soft rock, such a8 sandstone, may prevent
a number of species from becoming established because of the erosion that, takes place.
An area of soft sandstone rocks therefore is likely to be poorer in species in comparison
with a similar area of hard rock.
Rocky shores, however, are not the only type of shore on which algae can be found.
Bouldery or pebbly beaches are not uncommon, though the amount of vegetation they
carry depends on the sue of the boulders. If they are of such a size that they are moved
too often by the waves, as on the Taranaki coast, considerable scour is set up and algae
have little opportunity to become established. Large boulders, however, may be covered
with a rich vegetation. Such a coast may possess a rich sublittoral flora, samples of which
are thrown up on the beach after storms.
Sandy beaches are usually bare of algae, though occasionally one may find discolorations
ofthe sand caused bythe local abundance of some minute alga (e.g. 90-Mile Beach). Inother
places occasional sunken pebbles may provide a substrate for a few plants which grow
through the sand covering. The cast or drift weed on a sandy beach should not be neglected,
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V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MARINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND 335
because it may often provide a clue to the existenceof a rich bed of algaegrowing submerged
off the shore, either on rock outcrops or else on a bed of Lithothumnion or shell.
Estuaries and harbours are also worthy of investigation because, although they may
have only a pebbly, sandy or muddy shore, the conditions are quieter and this enables
some species to grow that otherwise would be absent. Often the calm water, its higher
temperature and lower aeration, as well as the admixture of fresh water from rivers, will
influence the growth of plants which, normally inhabiting the open coasts, occasionally
invade these quieter and more sheltered situations. It may be that they become stunted,
or develop more delicate, broader fronds, or that they become excessively branched.
Such plants are regarded as representing ecological modifications and are termed ecads.
Similarly, one should never omit to examine the piles of wharves, floating logs or drifting
timber.
Other habitats that are profitable, though usually neglected, are salt marshes and
mangrove swamps. Here one may find peculiar free-living forms and a wide range of
Myxophyceae (blue-green algae). The Myxophyceae are not spectacular and it is often
difficult to secure sufficient material for a herbarium sheet ; but this is not really a valid
reason for neglecting them. Interesting species of Enteromorpha may also be found in
such places, and some algae are more or less restricted to the erect roots of the mangrove.
TERMINOLOUY
Different authors have varied in their treatment of the shore. At present there is a lack
of uniformity in respect of what is meant by the littoral and sublittoral. In this work the
littoral is regarded as that part of the beach between high- and low-water marks of
ordinary spring tides. The supralittoral will be that part of the beach above high-water
mark of ordinary spring tides up to the lower limit of land vegetation on open shores, or
up to extreme high-tide mark in the case of mangrove swamps and salt marshes. On
exposed coasts it will include what is known as the ‘splash zone’, a region occupied by
algae above their normal level because of the amount of spray and splash. This varies
from place to place, but on the west coast, e.g. Piha, it may be considerable (20 ft.). The
region between low-water mark of O.S.T. and E.L.S.T. can be termed the sub-littoral fringe,
and then below extreme low-water spring tides there will be the sub-littoral where algae
are permanently submerged.
Rarely submerged SUPRA-LITTORoAr Lsp lash zone ; above high-water o.s.T.~
Emerged and submerged regu- UPPER-LITTORAbeLtw; een high-water O.S.Ta. nd half-tide mark
larly twiee daily LOWER-LITTORbAetLw;e en half-tide mark and low-water O.S.T.
Emerged only at spring tides SUB-LITTORFARLI NGEb; etween low-water OAT. and E.L.s.T.~
Permanently submerged SUB-LITTOR;A bLel ow E.L.S.T.
The brown algal population of the upper-littoral is very limited, but green, blue-green
and red seaweeds are present to a greater or lesser extent, according to the environment.
In this region some plants, especially the Chlorophyceae, are light-seeking and flourish on
clamp rock, in cracks, shallow runnels, water-filled pockets or rock-pools; others seek
the shade, inhabiting only the shady side of rocks, or are present under ledges. In caves
green and red algae often line the walls in somewhat regular series, but the browns are
seldom represented.
All seaweeds living in this zone are exposed to the atmosphere for many hours each day
without immersion. In regions north of Auckland, where low water occurs during the
hottest hours of the day and the coldest hours of night, plants must be able to withstand
extremes of temperature, desiccation and frequent drenching8 of rain. In Stewart Island
and the southern part of the South Island the same conditions exist, with the additional
factor of frost.
1 O.S.T. = Ordinary Spring Tide. 2 E.L.S.T=. Extreme Lowest Spring Tide.
X-2
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336 V. J. CHILPMAN: TFIE MARINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAI?D
In the linuer-littwd, from half-tide mark, the moderate-sized brown algae are much more
numerous together with many red algae, both on the emerged substratum and in the tide-
pools where sub-littoral species establish themselves, especially towards low-water mark.
In New Zealand the sub-littoral fringe, uncovered for a short period at major spring
tides, is Nature’s favoured spot for the display ofthe Phaeophyceae, although numerically
they predominate in the zone below.
On the w-floor, in the sub-littoralf ringe, seasonal assemblages of the smaller brown
and red algae establish themselves in plenty according to the nature of the shore, but the
constituent units vary from beach to beach.
The sub-littoral zone is the true home of the Laminariales but deep-water Fucales of
the family Sargassaceae also abound, whilst one also finds here the New Zealand species
of the green algal genus Caukrpa.
ECOLOGY
Sooner or later the student of the sea shore wiU come to study the algae as communities:
in other words, study their ecology. The manner in which certain algae and animals are
restricted to definite zones cannot but impress itself upon the observer, and definite
communities can be recognized. Here again there may be rnculties in terminology. In
the past algal ecologists have tended to adopt the terms used by land ecologists, but they
have given such terms quite different meanings. This has been particularly true of the
term ‘aasociation’. Logically there are two possible courms: either to use new terms or
else to use the existing terms and to adhere to their original meanings. The present author
believes the latter to be the correct alternative and recommends its adoption. In such
a caae the definitions of the various units can be given as follows :
Association. A community of constant form and physiognomy and dominated by two
or more species.
Cmociation. A community similar to the above, but smaller, included within the
association and dominated by a single species.
Society. A local community in which one of the subsidiary species is locally dominant.
Clan. A minor community.
Facia. A variation of an association.
The horizontal extension of any of these communities forms a belt, whilst a vertical
transect down the shore and including a number of these units can best be described as
an msociation complex.
Formation. A major unit comprising one or more associations.
The definitions given above refer to vegetation that is in equilibrium with the environ-
ment: this is known aa dimax vegetution. In the caae of salt marshes and mangrove
swamps dynamic change is taking place, and as the land gradually becomes higher one
community is replaced by another. Such relative instability in the communities is
recognized by using a different termination so that we tak of assock?, CO~ZSOC~so, cies
and family.
If the investigator is not certain of the status of any piece of vegetation under investi-
gation then it should be termed a ‘community’ until such time as its status is apparent.
For the guidance of those who are not familiar with algal ecology the following examples
of the application of the above terminology may be quoted:
Formation Balanoid formation
Association (1) Chthalamus-Saxostrea (barnacle-oyster)
(2) Cht?damw-Apqk (barnacle-red seaweed)
Consociation Apphloea
Society kticrodictyon
Clan Lynsbya (on Coralline)
Facies Vemiculapia (worm)
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V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MARINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND 337
These examples illustrate a further point-namely, that it is not really possible to study
marine algal ecology without considering the animal denizens also, because they may in
certain cases be more important than the plants.
ZONATION
The study of zonation on New Zealand shores is still more or less in its infancy and much
further work remains to be d0ne.l On rocky shores the fundamental zonation is repre-
sented by four main zones :
(1) Melaraphe-Lichina association, which is the New Zealand community of the
Littorina formation found in other parts of the world. Melaraphe is a small mollusc
closely allied to Littorina, and Lichina is a maritime lichen which forms black patches on
the rocks. This community is commonly the uppermost one.
(2) Balanoid formation. This occupies the major portion of the littoral and exists in
a number of different associations which vary from place to place. There is a greater
variety on exposed coasts where various red algae, such as Pachymenia and Cigartinu
play a part. On the east coast of the North Island the dominants are one or more of the
barnacles (Chthalamus sp.), Elminius plicatus, the rock oyster, the worm Vermicularia
and the red alga Apophloea.
On protected portions of the east coast of the North Island the balanoid formation is
succeeded usually by :
(3) Corallina-Hormosira-Leat?mia association. In this the brown alga Splachnidium
rugosum in certain parts of New Zealand forms a seasonal society whilst the green Codium
adhaerens (p. 487) may form a permanent society.
This association does not occur on the more exposed west coast where it is replaced in
the North Island by Pachymenia and Cigartinu associations.
(4) Large brown algal formation. This has been termed the sub-littoral fringe, but our
term seems better so far as New Zealand conditions, and possibly conditions elsewhere, are
concerned. It exists in a number of associations and consociations which vary from place
to place. On the west coast there is the Durvillea (bull kelp)-Mytilus association, on
the east coast of the North Island there is the Carpophyllum-Ecklonia association, whilst
to the south there is the Macrocystis consociation (Cook and Foveaux Straits) and
a Lessonia consociation.
Table 1 summarizes some of the more important rock zonations, together with the
specific localities from which they were recorded.2
Apart from the communities on rocky shores there are additional communities specific
to other types of shore. Thus in the mangrove swamps of the North Island there is a free-
living Gracilaria consociation which appears to occupy levels near the upper limit of the
mangrove. Lower down a BostrychicGCateneUa association will be found on the trunks
and pneumatophores of the mangrove, whilst a seasonal Monostroma society can usually
be found in the small drainage creeks.
Among the plants of the salt marsh one can find societies of Lola tortuosa, Rhizo-
clonium and species of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Nostoc, the latter requiring a careful
search as otherwise they may be overlooked.
ROCKP OOLS
Rock-pools are Nature’s aquaria, often of the greatest interest and crammed with unex-
pected and exquisite beauty. They may be either shallow or deep, and are found at all
levels of the littoral. They are often classified according to the type of bottom, e.g. rock,
sand-covered rock or coralline. Near low-water mark they frequently harbour species
which could not otherwise withstand the alternation of tide and exposure. Here such
1 Papers already published are those by Oliver (1923), Cranwell & Moore (1938), Chapman (1950).
Beveridge & Chapman (1960),D ellow (1960), Carnahan (1952).
It is hoped later to write a fuller account of the ecology of New Zealand shores.
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V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MARINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND 339
species are permanently submerged, shaded by the overhanging rock of the pool sides and
sheltered by the large algae attached above them. However, algae of the rock pools
other than the smaller species are apt to become stunted; especially is this the case in
pools of the upper littoral where there is great diversity in the temperature, salinity and
aeration of the water. Although these factors, especially salinity, may vary considerably,
it is probable that the drying up of the higher pools during neap tide periods is the most
important factor. Stagnant pools in the highest littoral are generally inhabited only by
green and blue-green algae, and then often to no great extent.
It is advisable, and most interesting, to make a special study of the epiphytes to be
found attached to the larger seaweeds inhabiting the pools. Indeed, some epiphytic
plants are to be found only in this habitat. Many of the more recent additions to the flora
have been epiphytes and no doubt more remain to be found.
CAVES
The algal vegetation of caves has scarcely been studied in New Zealand? but it will be
found to possess its own characteristics. The green and brown algae disappear quite close
to the entrance, but certain red and blue-green species will penetrate to a considerable
distance. Among the red algae it is primarily Rhodochorton and encrusting forms
(Petrocelis, Hildenbrandtia, etc.) that are to be found. Several interesting members of the
Myxophyceae will also occur if the walls and roof are kept moist by percolating water.
MIGRATIONA ND SEASONAL CHANGE
The majority of the larger algae, both red and brown, are perennial; that is they survive
more than one season. The smaller algae and many of the green algae are annuals and
frequently only occur during a brief season. Examples are Ulothrix and Monostroma spp.
which are confined to the spring months and the brown alga Splachnidium which, around
Auckland, is confined to the period from December to May.2 As a result of this the shore,
so far as subsidiary species are concerned, presents an ever-changing face, and the in-
vestigator cannot be satisfied with a single visit to any locality. Some species disappear
for periods of varying length : some reappear at the same season each year, others fail for
several years and suddenly reappear in great profusion. It is possible that some species
migrate vertically as the seasons change, so that one may start the year at a certain level
and subsequent crops develop lower down. This problem of migration, together with that
of life duration, are both aspects that have hardly been studied in New Zealand.
ENVIRONMENT
There are a number of factors which determine the position that the dominant species
occupy on the shore, and which also probably play a part in determining the nature of
the plant thallus. The most sigdcant of the environmental factors is the tide, and it is
evident that this will bring about variations in conditions from low-water mark right up
to high-water mark. The most important feature is that of exposure, which will range
from very short periods near low-water mark of spring tides to long periods at high-water
mark. During the exposure periods the various algae will lose water, the metabolic
processes will be disturbed, changes will occur in the concentration of the sap, and the
thallus may be exposed to considerable temperature variations. In the majority of cases
we do not know which of these subsidiary effects is most important, but it is likely that
different species are affected differently.
Apart from the exposure between successive tides there is also the continuous exposure,
which occurs at the higher levels during neap tide periods, when certain algae may be
uncovered for several days at a time. This factor is probably a very important one but at
present is little understood. Its operation upon delicate thalli, reproduction and estab-
lishment of sporelings may be profound.
A paper by Dellow and Cassie (1955) has just appeared.
Although farther south it has a much longer season or may even be found throughout the year.
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340 V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MABINE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND
The operation of the tidal factor and its subsidiary effects is ultimately seen in the
establishment of certain critical levels on the shore, where the change of factors is such
that a number of species either reach their upper or lower limit. A certain amount of
work on this problem haa been carried out in New Zealandl at Piha, Rangitoto, Narrow
Neck and Russell where it has been found that critical levels exist at mean high-water
spring tides, between extreme (lowest) high-water neap tides and mean high-water neap
tides, at mean low-water neap tides and mean low-water spring tides.
Apart from the tidal factor there are a number of other factors. At high levels there is
the effect of rain in changing the salinity, whilst an outflow of fresh water has a profound
effect, bringing about a local development of Entermphu and blue-green species. The
nature and configuration of the rock are important, operating mainly as presence or
absence factors for certain species, whereas the tide acts as a primary controlling factor.
Strong surf is essential for some species, e.g. presence of DurviUea, Pachymmia, whilst it
eliminates others, e.g. Carpophyllurn spp.
Light also is a significant factor which operates primarily at high tide when the plants
are covered by the maximum amount of water. Sea water readily absorbs light and hence
the amount available for photosynthesis diminishes rapidly with depth. It is probably
for this reason that the red and brown seaweeds are most commonly found at the lower
depth, because the colour of their pigments is a physical or physiological aid to the
utilization of the diminished light supply.
Shade as a factor has already been mentioned (p. 7), and it has recently been shown
(Ambler & Chapman, 1950) that conditions in a shaded rock pool are very different,
especially for temperature, from those in an exposed pool.
The above can be regarded aa the principal factors, although there will be local factors
operating in nearly every locality, e.g. mud or sand deposition over the rocks, steepness
of shore, etc.
DISTRIBUTION
Members of the Myxophyceae found in New Zealand nearly all have a wide distribution
outside of the Dominion. Within the country insufficient collecting makes it impossible
to consider internal distribution. There is only one endemic species (Tolypothrix irregu-
laria, p. 365) and it is extremely doubtful whether this plant exists, or if it does, whether
it is fundamentally different from another species of the same genus. TheMyophyceaea re
a primitive group, and since the species are extremely tolerant of conditions the New
Zealand representatives can be expected to be fairly widespread.
In the Chlorophycem the various species and forms are distributed within New Zealand
and the associated islands aa follows :
General 80 Stewart Island and Sub-antarctic islands 17
North Island 63 Chatham Island 2
Wellington and South Island 41 Kermadec islands 2
Thirty-nine per cent of the total are generally distributed within the Dominion, 31 yo
are confined to the North Island and 20 yo to the South Island. It is interesting to note
that there is very little endemism so far as the associated islands are concerned, the sub-
antarctic group alone having any considerable number. The two species found only in the
Kermadeca and not elsewhere in the New Zealand region are Caulerpa racenwsa, a tropical
species, and Cladophora fusca. The two examples from Chatham Island are the local
forms of Chccetcmwrpha dum'nii and Bryopsis vestita.
No less than four of the seventeen species listed in the sub-antarctic group belong to
the new genus Geminu, which is thus clearly marked as a southern cold-water genus.
Within the other three groups there are a number of interesting points. Thus in the South
1 Full data are contained in theses by Beveridge, Camahan and Dellow in Auckland University
College library.
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V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MAREXE ALGAE OF NEW ZEALAND 341
Island group Bryopsis is the most important genus with ten species (a third of the total)
restricted to the area. In fact the South Island appears to have promoted a burst of
evolution within the genus.
The North Island group is characterized by possessing seven species of Monostroma,
many of which are only recorded from the Bay of Islands as a result of the intensive work
of Mi V. W. Lindauer. It is, however, likely that these species are more widely distri-
buted, certainly within the North Island. The warm water Microdictyon mutabilis is
restricted to the North Island, as are also the species of Prasiola, though one at least of
these (P. antarctica) should occur in the South Island. The epiphytic Chaetophorales
seem to occur primarily in the North Island, though this may be more apparent than real
due to inadequate collecting of such forms. Three species of both Rhizoclonium and
Vaucheria are so far recorded only for the North Island, though this again may be due to
lack of collections.
In the general group two-fifths (28) belong to the genus Enteromorpha whilst one-Hth
is composed of species of Ulva. The remaining widely distributed genus is Chaet~~~~pha
(seven species), though there are also six species of Bryopsis and four of Rhizoclonium.
On the whole, the distribution of the Chlorophyceae is not of very great interest, as
compared with that of the Phaeophyceae or Rhodophyceae. The most interesting features
are provided by the distribution of the species of Cernina, Bryopsis, Monostroma and the
members of the Chaetophorales.
Finally, of the total number of Chlorophyceae recorded (205), no less than 92 (47 %)
are endemic. This proportion will probably prove not to be so high as it is in the red and
brown algae ; this may be anticipated because the Chlorophyceae are generally more
tolerant of environmental conditions.
For the benefit of those who are interested, the location of the various collecting
stations mentioned is given in Table 2. In this table the position of the stations in rela-
tion to the marine algal provinces of New Zealand as recognized by Miss L. B. Moore is
also listed. I am grateful to Miss Moore for providing most of the material for this table.
TABLE2 . Localities mentioned in Part I
Marine algal province
Locality
Ahaura Bay East Cape District E*
Ahuriri Lagoon Napier E
Akaroa Banks Peninsula
Akatore Otago
Akitio Southern Hawke’s Bay
Allan’s Beach Pihame, Taranaki
Anatori River Nelson
Anawhata, Auckland West Coast -
Aohanga Wairarapa Coast east E
of Pongaroa,
Aorere Bay Nelson w -
Auckland _ -
Auckland Is. - - - - - - - -
- w - - - - -
Beacon Rock Kawhia, Te Maika
Beeman Campbell Is. - - - - - - -
*
E=east coast, W=west coast, X=islands, or Wellington area.
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342 V. J. CHAPMAN: THE MAB.lNE ALQAE OF NEW ZEALAND
TABLE2 (cont.)
Merine algal province
Locality District
Bethell’s Beach Auckland West Coast
Big Bay Fiordland
Birkdale Auckland
Blackhead (W.A.S.)* Dunedin
Blowholes Punakaiki, Greymouth
Bluff 90 Mile Beach
Bluff Southland
The Bluff Southland
Bluff Hill Southland
Breaker Bay Wellington
Brick Bay Russell
Brighton Otago
Bruce Bay South Westland
Buffalo Beach Coromandel
Butterfields Beach Stewart Is.
Campbell Bay Auckland
Campbell’s Beach Pihama
Canoe Creek Bay of Islands
Cape Brett Bay of Islands
Cape Campbell Marlborough
Cape Egmont Taranaki
Cape Foulwind Westport
Cape Maria van Diemen Bay of Plenty
Cape Runaway Wairarapa
Cape Turakirae Between Port Nicholson
and Palliser Bay
-
Cape Turnagain
Castle Point Wairarapa
Caswell Sound Fiordland
Catharine Bay Great Barrier Is.
Catlins Otago
Cave Rock Sumner
Chalky Is. Chalky Inlet
Charteris Bay Bank’s Peninsula
Collingwood River, Aorere N.W. Nelson
Coromandel -
-
Cunning Cove
Deep Cove Doubtful Sound
Deepwater Cove Bay of Islands
Diamond Harbour Lyttelton
Dillon R. Pelorous Sound
Doubtful Sound -
D’Urville Is. Nelson
Dusky Sound -
Emergency Bay Carnley Harbour,
Auckland Is.
Evans Bay Wellington
Fanal Is. (Mokoninau Is.) Hauraki Gulf
Fifeshore Rock Nelson
Fishing Rock Raoul 11. Kermadec Is.
Fox R. Westland
Foxton Manawatu
Frenchman’s Creek Russell
* W. A. Setchell, who identilied much of Laing’s material.
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